User:Marcas.oduinn/Published/Pronouns/180515
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The personal pronouns are not declined as such, but some do have particular forms.
- The first person plural has alternative forms based on sinn and muid.
- The second person singular may lenite when used objectively (but is subject to the dntls rule).
- Third person pronouns drop their initial s when used with the copula, and objectively.
Forms are shown in the summary table below for use:
- with the copula: Is é.
- with analytic verb forms:
- as subject, aka conjunctive: Feiceann sé.
- as object, aka disjunctive: Feiceann sé thú.
- emphatically: Is mise
The possessive pronouns are not declined.
An example of synthetic forms is also shown, for standard and dialect/archaic declensions.
The etymology table shows how irish pronouns derive, in whole or in part, from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European pronouns *éǵh₂, *túh₂ and *éy.
Summary table[edit]
| Number and person | Copula | Analytic | Emphatic | Possessive [1] | Example Synthetic[2] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| subject [3] | object [4] | copula | analytic | standard | dialect | ||||
| Singular | 1st | mé | mé | mise | moL, m' [5] | -im | -im | ||
| 2nd | tú | tú | thú | tusa | doL, d' [5] | - | -ir | ||
| 3rd m | é | sé [6] | é | eisean | seisean | aL | - | -idh | |
| 3rd f | í | sí | í | ise | sise | aH | |||
| 3rd n | ea [7] | - | |||||||
| Plural | 1st | sinn [8] | sinn | sinne | árN | -imid | -imid | ||
| muid | muid | muidne | |||||||
| 2nd | sibh [8] | sibh | sibhse | bhurN | - | -tí | |||
| 3rd | iad | siad | iad | iadsan | siadsan | aN | - | -id | |
Etymology[edit]
| Pronoun form | Middle Irish [9] | Old Irish | Proto-Celtic | PIE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| form | root | ||||
| mé | mé | *mī | *me | *éǵh₂ | |
| tú | tú | *tū | *túh₂ | ||
| é | é | *es | *éy | ||
| sé | sé | ||||
| í | í? [10] | sí | *sī | *sih₂ | *só + *éy |
| sí [11] | |||||
| ea [12] | ed | *id | *éy | ||
| sinn | sinni [13] | *snīs | *nēs | *éǵh₂ | |
| muid | -mid [14] | ||||
| sibh | sib | *swiswis [15] | *wos | *túh₂ | |
| iad | íat | [16] | |||
| siad | síat? [17] | ||||
| mise | messe [18] | ||||
| tusa | tussu | ||||
| eisean | é-som | ||||
| ise | sis(s)i | ||||
| sinne | sinni [19] | *snīsni | |||
| sibhse | sib-si | ||||
| iadsan | [16] | ||||
| mo | mo [20] | *moy | *moy | *éǵh₂ | |
| do [21] | do [22] | *toy | *toy | *túh₂ | |
| aL | aL [23] | *esyo [24] | *ésyo | *éy | |
| aH | aH [23] | *esyās [25] | *ésyeh₂s | *éy | |
| ár | ar [26] | *anserom | *n̥serōm | *wéy | |
| bhur | for | *sweseros | *wes | *wos | |
| aN | aN [23] | *eysom [27] | *éysoHom | *éy | |
Notes[edit]
- ^ Using the /L H N/ notation to indicate triggering of lenition, aspiration and eclipsis (for which /E/ may also be seen)
- ^ Active indicative present, slender. Of these forms, besides the standard first person, only the second singular may be heard today. For other tenses, see for example dialect forms on Nualeargais.
- ^ Also conjunctive
- ^ Also disjunctive
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Elision occurs before vowels and lenited f: m'iníon, d'fhear céile
- ^ Not to be confused with Is é...> 'Sé...
- ^ The last remaining neuter form in Irish, akin to English it
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 There was an older form without the copular s.
- ^ Entries for muffle Irish are given only if they differ significantly from Old Irish
- ^ No etymology in entry. Suggested in comparison with MGa split of 3rd sg SGa é → é/sé, therefore sí → í/sí
- ^ Etymology 2 in the this entry
- ^ Obsolete spelling eadh
- ^ This is the emphatic form
- ^ Synthetic ending re-analysed as a pronoun.
- ^ Reduplicated form of *swīs
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 The Old Irish form is the same as the 3rd m sg, é
- ^ No etymology in this entry. Suggested based on etymology of iad.
- ^ Messe ocus Pangur Bán
- ^ Dissimilated from the Proto-Celtic
- ^ No Old Irish entry yet, links to Irish version
- ^ Etymology 3 in this entry
- ^ links to entry with preposition "to, for" only
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Etymology 3 in this entry
- ^ The final vowel triggers lenition
- ^ The final -s triggers h-prothesis
- ^ Entry does not describe personal pronoun yet
- ^ The final nasal triggers eclipsis
Wiktionary template[edit]
Irish personal pronouns
| Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) |
Disjunctive (emphatic) |
Possessive determiner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | mé (mise) |
mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
| Second | tú (tusa)1 |
thú (thusa) |
do L d' before vowel sounds | |
| Third masculine | sé (seisean) |
é (eisean) |
a L | |
| Third feminine | sí (sise) |
í (ise) |
a H | |
| Third neuter | — | ea | — | |
| Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) |
ár E | |
| Second | sibh (sibhse)1 |
bhur E | ||
| Third | siad (siadsan) |
iad (iadsan) |
a E | |
External links[edit]
- An Caighdeán Oifigiúil, 2017
- A Grammar of the Irish Language, O'Donavan, 1845
See also[edit]
Category:Irish appendices - Pronouns