is

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See also Appendix:Variations of "is"

Contents

English[edit]

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Etymology[edit]

From Middle English, from Old English is, from Proto-Germanic *isti, a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”). Cognate with West Frisian is (“is”), Dutch is (“is”), German ist (“is”), Old Swedish is (“is”). The paradigm of "to be" has been since the time of Proto-Germanic a synthesis of four originally distinct verb stems. The infinitive form "to be" is from *bʰuH- (“to become”). The forms is and am are derived from *h₁es- (“to be”) whereas the form are comes from *iraną (“to rise, be quick, become active”). Lastly, the past forms starting with "w-" such as was and were are from *h₂wes- (“to reside”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. Third-person singular simple present indicative form of be.
    He is a doctor. He retired some time ago.
    Should he do the task, it is vital that you follow him.
    It all depends on what the meaning of is is. - Bill Clinton

Quotations[edit]

Translations[edit]

Translations

See also[edit]

See also

Statistics[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Afrikaans[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. am, are, is (present tense, all persons, plural and singular of wees, to be)
  2. Forms the perfect passive voice when followed by a past participle

Catalan[edit]

Noun[edit]

is

  1. Plural form of i

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is c (singular definite isen, plural indefinite is)

  1. (uncountable) ice, ice cream (water in frozen form, dessert)
  2. (countable) ice, ice cream (ice cream on a stick or in a wafer cone)

Inflection[edit]

    Inflection of is
common gender Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative, dative and accusative is isen is isene
genitive is' isens is' isenes

Dutch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third-person singular present indicative of zijn; is, equals
    Twaalf min drie is negen — twelve minus three equals nine

Adverb[edit]

is

  1. (informal, dialect) Misspelling of es, an abbreviation of eens

Anagrams[edit]

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

is

  1. See 𐌹𐍃

Hungarian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate of és (“and”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

is

  1. also, too, as well
  2. (after an interrogative word) again (used in a question to ask something one has forgotten)
    Hogy is hívják? (What's that called, again?)

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Expressions

Irish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From agus.

Pronunciation[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

is

  1. reduced form of agus

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Irish is (“is”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA: [ɪsˠ], [sˠ] (before nouns and adjectives)
  • IPA: [ʃ] (before pronouns é, í, ea, iad)

Particle[edit]

is

  1. Present/future realis copula form
    Is múinteoir é Dónall.
    Dónall is a teacher. (definition: predicate is indefinite)
    Is é Dónall an múinteoir.
    Dónall is the teacher. (identification: predicate is definite)
    Is féidir liom snámh.
    I can swim. (idiomatic noun predicate)
    Is maith liom tae.
    I like tea. (idiomatic adjective predicate)
    Is mise a chonnaic é.
    I'm the one who saw him (compare Hiberno-English "'Tis I who saw him"; cleft sentence)
    Is é Dónall atá ina mhúinteoir.
    It's Dónall who is a teacher. (cleft sentence)
  2. Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives
    an buachaill is mó
    the bigger boy; the biggest boy
    Is mó an buachaill ná Séamas.
    The boy is bigger than James.
    Is é Séamas an buachaill is mó in Éirinn!
    James is the biggest boy in Ireland! (lit. "It is James (who is) the boy (who) is biggest in Ireland")
Usage notes[edit]

Used in present and future sentences for identification or definition of a subject as the person/object identified in the predicate of the sentence. Sometimes used with noun or adjective predicates, especially in certain fixed idiomatic phrases. Used to introduce cleft sentences, which are extremely common in Irish. It is not a verb.

In comparative/superlative formations, is is strictly speaking the relative of the copula, hence an buachaill is mó literally means "the boy who is biggest", i.e. "the biggest boy". The thing compared is introduced by ná (“than”).

Related terms[edit]
Irish copular forms
Simple copular forms
Present/future
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter.
Main clauses is ní an nach
Direct relative clauses nach
Indirect relative clauses ar, arbv
Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbv an nach
Past/conditional
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter.
Main clauses ba, b’v níor, níorbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv
Direct relative clauses ba, abv nár, nárbhv
Indirect relative clauses ar, arbhv
Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv
Present subjunctive
Affirmative Negative
gura, gurabv nára, nárabv
    Compound copular forms
Base word Present/future Past/conditional
má más má ba, má b’v
ó ós ó ba, ó b’v
dá dá mba, dá mb’v
mura mura, murabv murar, murarbhv
sula sular, sularbv sular, sularbhv
cé cér, cérbv cér, cérbhv
cá cár, cárbv cár, cárbhv
de/do dar, darbv dar, darbhv
faoi faoinar, faoinarbv faoinar, faoinarbhv
i inar, inarbv inar, inarbhv
le lenar, lenarbv lenar, lenarbhv
ó ónar, ónarbv ónar, ónarbhv
trí trínar, trínarbv trínar, trínarbhv
Note: Forms marked v are used before a vowel sound.

Latin[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inflected form of eō (“go”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

īs

  1. second-person singular present active indicative of eo

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *éy, *íh₂, *íd (“the”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is m; (f ea, n id, pl ei)

  1. (demonstrative) it; he (refers to a masculine word), this, that
    Is ad me rescripsit.
    He wrote to me again.
Declension[edit]

Irregular: similar to first and second declensions, except for singular genitives ending in "-ius" and singular datives ending in "-ī".

Number Singular Plural
Case \ Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
nominative is ea id eī, iī eae ea
genitive eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum
dative eī eī eī eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs
accusative eum eam id eōs eās ea
ablative eō eā eō eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs

See also[edit]

Latin personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Possessive
Singular First — ego meī mihi mē meus, -a, -um
Second — tū tuī tibi tē tuus, -a, -um
Reflexive Third — — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um
Third Masculine is eius eī eum eō eius
Feminine ea eam eā
Neuter id id eō
Plural First — nōs nostrī, nostrum nōbīs nōs nōbīs noster, -tra, -trum
Second — vōs vestrī, vestrum vōbīs vōs vōbīs vester, -tra, -trum
Reflexive Third — — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um
Third Masculine eī, iī eōrum eīs eōs eīs eōrum
Feminine eae eārum eās eārum
Neuter ea eōrum ea eōrum

Navajo[edit]

Interjection[edit]

is

  1. oh: expressing surprise

Alternative forms[edit]

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-.

Noun[edit]

is m (definite singular isen; uncountable)

  1. ice

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-.

Noun[edit]

is m (definite singular isen; indefinite plural isar; definite plural isane)

  1. ice

References[edit]

  • “is” in The Nynorsk Dictionary – Dokumentasjonsprosjektet.

Old English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-, *ei-, *ī- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old Saxon īs (Low German Ies), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis). There are parallels in many Iranian languages, apparently from the same Indo-European root: Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬀 (aēxa-, “frost, ice”), Persian یخ (yakh), Pashto جح (jaḥ), Ossetian их.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

īs n

  1. ice
    • the Legend of St Andrew
      Ofer eastreamas is brycgade.
      The ice formed a bridge over the streams.
  2. The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Middle English: is

Old High German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-. Compare Old Saxon īs, Old English īs, Old Norse íss, Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis).

Noun[edit]

īs

  1. ice

Descendants[edit]

Old Irish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

The lemma is itself is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁esti; other forms are from either Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- or Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.

Verb[edit]

is (copula)

  1. to be
    • circa 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, Wb. 14d26
      Is i persin Crist da·gníu-sa sin.
      It is in the person of Christ that I do that.

Conjugation[edit]

Form 1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Present indicative am
(relative): nonda		 at, it
(relative): nonda		 is
(relative): as		 ammi, ammin, immi
(relative): nondan		 adib, idib, adi
(relative): nondad		 it
(relative): ata, at
Present subjunctive ba ba, be ba
(relative): bes, bas		 — bede —
(relative): bete, beta
Past subjunctive — — bid, bith
(relative): bed, bad		 bemmis — betis, bitis
Imperative ba bad, bed ban, baán bad, bed bat
Future be be bid, bith bemmi, bimmi — bit
Conditional — — robad
(relative): bed		 — — robtis
Preterite and
imperfect indicative		 basa basa ba
(relative): ba		 — — batir, batar
(relative): batar

Derived terms[edit]

  • cesu (“although... is”)
  • condid (“so that... is”)
  • in (“is... ?”)
  • masu (“if... is”)
  • ní (“is not”)

Synonyms[edit]

Old Saxon[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *it.

Pronoun[edit]

is (is)

  1. his, its

Declension[edit]

Old Saxon personal pronoun declensions
Personal pronouns
Singular 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative ik thū hē sīu it
Accusative mī, mik thī, thik ina sīa
Dative mī thī imu iru it
Genitive mīn thīn is ira is
Dual 1. 2. - - -
Nominative wit git - - -
Accusative unk ink - - -
Dative
Genitive unkaro inka - - -
Plural 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative wī gī sīa sīa sīu
Accusative ūs īu, gīu
Dative im
Genitive ūsar īuwar, gīuwar iro

Etymology 2[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. Third-person singular present form of wesan

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-, *ei-, *ī- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old English īs (English ice), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis).

Noun[edit]

īs n

  1. ice
  2. The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

Declension[edit]

Declension of is (strong a-stem)
Singular Plural
nominative īs īs
accusative īs īs
genitive īses īsō
dative īse īsum

Descendants[edit]

  • Middle Low German: ies
    • Low German: Ies

Portuguese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is

  1. Plural form of i
    • 2003, J. K. Rowling, Lya Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 411:
      Se você pôs os pingos nos is e cortou os tês então pode fazer o que quiser!
      If you've dotted your I's and crossed your T's, then you can do whatever you want!

Scots[edit]

Adverb[edit]

is (not comparable)

  1. (South Scots) as

Synonyms[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

is

  1. (South Scots) as

Synonyms[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is personal, non-emphatic

  1. (South Scots) me

See also[edit]

  • A
  • mei (emphatic variant)

Verb[edit]

is

  1. Third-person singular simple present indicative form of ti be.

See also[edit]

Scottish Gaelic[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

is

  1. and

Synonyms[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. am, are, is

Usage notes[edit]

  • This defective verb doesn't have the infinitive, future tense, subjunctive or conditional moods.
  • The dependent form, used after particles, is e.
  • Is is used when linking the subject of a sentence with an object ("somebody is somebody", "somebody is something", "something is something"), otherwise forms of the verb bi are used:
    Is mise Dòmhnall. - I am Donald.
    Tha mise ann an taigh-seinnse. - I am in a pub.

Derived terms[edit]

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eiH-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is c

  1. (uncountable) Ice; frozen water.
  2. (countable) Ice; a sheet of ice lying on a body of water.

Declension[edit]

Declension of is
singular plural
Common indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative is isen isar isarna
genitive is isens isars isarnas

Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

Tok Pisin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English East.

Noun[edit]

is

  1. East

Turkish[edit]

Noun[edit]

is (definite accusative isi, plural isler)

  1. fume

Declension[edit]

declension of is
singular (tekil) plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın) is isler
definite accusative (belirtme) isi isleri
dative (yönelme) ise islere
locative (bulunma) iste islerde
ablative (çıkma) isten islerden
genitive (tamlayan) isin islerin
possessive forms of is
nominative singular plural
benim (my) isim islerim
senin (your) isin islerin
onun (his/her/its) isi isleri
bizim (our) isimiz islerimiz
sizin (your) isiniz isleriniz
onların (their) isleri isleri
accusative singular plural
benim (my) isimi islerimi
senin (your) isini islerini
onun (his/her/its) isini islerini
bizim (our) isimizi islerimizi
sizin (your) isinizi islerinizi
onların (their) islerini islerini
dative singular plural
benim (my) isime islerime
senin (your) isine islerine
onun (his/her/its) isine islerine
bizim (our) isimize islerimize
sizin (your) isinize islerinize
onların (their) islerine islerine
locative singular plural
benim (my) isimde islerimde
senin (your) isinde islerinde
onun (his/her/its) isinde islerinde
bizim (our) isimizde islerimizde
sizin (your) isinizde islerinizde
onların (their) islerinde islerinde
ablative singular plural
benim (my) isimden islerimden
senin (your) isinden islerinden
onun (his/her/its) isinden islerinden
bizim (our) isimizden islerimizden
sizin (your) isinizden islerinizden
onların (their) islerinden islerinden
genitive singular plural
benim (my) isimin islerimin
senin (your) isinin islerinin
onun (his/her/its) isinin islerinin
bizim (our) isimizin islerimizin
sizin (your) isinizin islerinizin
onların (their) islerinin islerinin

Volapük[edit]

Adverb[edit]

is

  1. here
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