бꙑти

See also: быти

Old Church Slavonic

Alternative forms

ⰱⱏⰹⱅⰻ (byti) — Glagolitic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (present) and Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (all other forms). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian bū́ti and Latvian bût. Other Indo-European cognates include:

From *bʰuH-: Latin fuī (“I was”), Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Sanskrit भवति (bhávati, “to become”), and Persian (bûdan, “to be”), Old English bēon (English be).
From *h₁ésti: Sanskrit अस्ति॑ (ásti), Latin sum, Ancient Greek εἰμί (eimí), Old Irish is, Old English eom (English am).

Verb

бꙑти • (byti) impf or pf

(copulative) to be
- 11th century, Codex Zographensis (in Glagolitic), Gospel of John 1:1:
  Ⰹⱄⰽⱁⱀⰻ · ⰱⱑⰰ̆ⱎⰵ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱁ · ⰺ҅ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱁ ⰱⱑⰰ̆ⱎⰵ ⱁⱅⱏ ⰱ҃ⰰ · ⰺ҅ ⰱ҃ⱏ ⰱⱑⰰ̆ⱎⰵ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱁ ·
  [Іскони · бѣӑше слово · ꙇ҅ слово бѣӑше отъ б҃а · ꙇ҅ б҃ъ бѣӑше слово ·]
  Iskoni · běăše slovo · i҅ slovo běăše otŭ b:a · i҅ b:ŭ běăše slovo ·
  In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (KJV)
- from the Life of Constantine:
  филосѡѳе, вѣмь тѧ троудна соуща, но достоить тебѣ тамо ити.
  filosoθe, věmĭ tę trudna sušta, no dostoitĭ tebě tamo iti.
  Philosopher, I see that you are weary, but it does suit you to go there.
(auxiliary)
1. (present tense with the l-participle) Used to form the perfect tense.
  - 11th century, Codex Marianus (in Glagolitic), Gospel of Matthew 8:29:
    ⱂⱃⰻⱎⰵⰾⱏ ⰵⱄⰻ ⱄⱑⰿⱁ ⱂⱃⱑⰶⰴⰵ ⰲⱃⱑⰿⰵⱀⰵ ⰿⱘⱍⰻⱅⱏ ⱀⰰⱄⱏ ·
    [пришелъ еси сѣмо прѣжде врѣмене мѫчитъ насъ ·]
    prišelŭ esi sěmo prěžde vrěmene mǫčitŭ nasŭ ·
    […] art thou come hither to torment us before the time? (KJV)
2. (imperfective aorist or imperfect tense with the l-participle) Used to form the pluperfect tense.
  - 11th century, Codex Marianus (in Glagolitic), Gospel of Luke 5:17:
    ⰺ ⰱⱑⰰⱈⱘ ⱄⱑⰴⱔⱎⱅⰵ ⱇⰰⱃⰻⱄⱑⰻ · ⰺ ⰸⰰⰽⱁⱀⱆⱍⰻⱅⰵⰾⰵ ⁘ · ⰺⰶⰵ ⰱⱑⰰⱈⱘ ⱂⱃⰻⱎⱏⰾⰻ ⱁⱅⱏ ⰲⱐⱄⱑⰽⱁⱗ ⰲⱐⱄⰻ · ⰳⰰⰾⰻⰾⰵⰻⱄⰽⱏⰹ ⰻ ⰻⱓⰴⰵⰻⱄⰽⱏⰹ · ⰺ ⱁⱅⱏ ⰻ҃ⰾⰿⰰ ·
    [ꙇ бѣахѫ сѣдѧште фарисѣи · ꙇ законооучителе ⁘ · ꙇже бѣахѫ пришъли отъ вьсѣкоѩ вьси · галилеискъі и июдеискъі · ꙇ отъ и҃лма ·]
    i běaxǫ sědęšte farisěi · i zakonoučitele ⁘ · iže běaxǫ prišŭli otŭ vĭsěkoję vĭsi · galileisky i ijudeisky · i otŭ i:lma ·
    […] there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which were come out of every town of Galilee, and Judaea, and Jerusalem […] (KJV)
  - 11th century, Codex Marianus (in Glagolitic), Gospel of John 20:12:
    ⰺ ⰲⰻⰴⱑ ⰴⱏⰲⰰ ⰰⱀⰼ҃ⰾⰰ ⰲⱏ ⰱⱑⰾⰰⱈⱏ ⱄⱑⰴⱔⱎⱅⰰ · ⰵⰴⰻⱀⱁⰳⱁ ⱆ ⰳⰾⰰⰲⱏⰹ · ⰺ ⰵⰴⰻⱀⱁⰳⱁ ⱆ ⱀⱁⰳⱆ · ⰺⰴⰵⰶⰵ ⰱⱑ ⰾⰵⰶⰰⰾⱁ ⱅⱑⰾⱁ ⰻⱄ҃ⰲⱁ ·
    [ꙇ видѣ дъва анђ҃ла въ бѣлахъ сѣдѧшта · единого оу главъі · ꙇ единого оу ногоу · ꙇдеже бѣ лежало тѣло ис҃во ·]
    i vidě dŭva anđ:la vŭ bělaxŭ sědęšta · edinogo u glavy · i edinogo u nogu · ideže bě ležalo tělo is:vo ·
    And seeth two angels in white sitting, the one at the head, and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain. (KJV)
3. (rare, future tense with the l-participle) Used to form the future perfect tense.
  - 11th century, Retko, Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Cyrillic), page 239, line 25:
    е҅да бѫдетъ сълъгалъ приходивꙑи҆· почто ми гнѣвити ѧ҅ꙁꙑкъ старцоу·
    heda bǫdetŭ sŭlŭgalŭ prixodivyi· počto mi gněviti hęzykŭ starcu·
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
4. (conditional mood or perfective aorist tense with the l-participle) Used to form the conditional mood.
  - 11th century, Codex Marianus (in Glagolitic), Gospel of Matthew 26:24:
    ⰴⱁⰱⱃⱑⰰ҅ ⰱⰻ ⰱⱏⰹⰾⱁ ⰵⰿⱆ ⰰⱎⱅⰵ ⱄⱔ ⰱⰻ ⱀⰵ ⱃⱁⰴⰻⰾⱏ ⱍⰽ҃ⱏ ⱅⱏ ·
    [добрѣа҅ би бъіло емоу аште сѧ би не родилъ чк҃ъ тъ ·]
    dobrěha bi bylo emu ašte sę bi ne rodilŭ čk:ŭ tŭ ·
    […] it had been good for that man if he had not been born. (KJV)

Usage notes

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Attested бѣ-forms^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
бѣхъ	ⰱⱑ^[7]	ⰱⱑ,^[8] бѣше,^[9] бѣѣше,^[10] бѣаше^[11]
?	?	(бѣста^[12]), (бѣаста^[13]), ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ,^[14] ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ^[15]
ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ^[16]	?	бѣшѧ,^[17] бѣхѫ,^[18] бѣѣхѫ,^[19] бѣахѫ^[20]

Attested би-forms^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
бимь/бимъ	би	би
?	?	?
бимъ/бимь, бихомъ	бисте	бѫ, бишѧ

Conjugation

Conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)

infinitive	supine	verbal noun
бꙑти byti	бꙑтъ bytŭ	бꙑтиѥ bytije

participles¹		present	past	future
active		сꙑ sy	бꙑвъ byvŭ	бѫдꙑ bǫdy
passive		—	—	—

l-participle		masculine	neuter	feminine
singular		бꙑлъ bylŭ	бꙑло bylo	бꙑла byla
dual		бꙑла byla	бꙑлѣ bylě	бꙑлѣ bylě
plural		бꙑли byli	бꙑла byla	бꙑлꙑ byly

		present	future	imperative
singular	1st	ѥсмь jesmĭ	бѫдѫ bǫdǫ	—
	2nd	ѥси jesi	бѫдеши bǫdeši	бѫди bǫdi
	3rd	ѥстъ jestŭ	бѫдетъ bǫdetŭ	бѫди bǫdi
dual	1st	ѥсвѣ jesvě	бѫдевѣ bǫdevě	бѫдѣвѣ bǫděvě
	2nd	ѥста jesta	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдѣта bǫděta
	3rd	ѥсте, ѥста jeste, jesta	бѫдете, бѫдета bǫdete, bǫdeta	—
plural	1st	ѥсмъ jesmŭ	бѫдемъ bǫdemŭ	бѫдѣмъ bǫděmŭ
	2nd	ѥсте jeste	бѫдете bǫdete	бѫдѣте bǫděte
	3rd	сѫтъ sǫtŭ	бѫдѫтъ bǫdǫtŭ	бѫдѫ bǫdǫ

		imperfect	imperfective aorist	perfective aorist
singular	1st	—	бѣхъ běxŭ	бꙑхъ byxŭ
	2nd	—	бѣ bě	бꙑ(стъ) by(stŭ)
	3rd	бѣаше běaše	бѣ bě	бꙑ(стъ) by(stŭ)
dual	1st	—	бѣховѣ běxově	бꙑховѣ byxově
	2nd	—	бѣста běsta	бꙑста bysta
	3rd	бѣашете, бѣашета běašete, běašeta	бѣсте, бѣста běste, běsta	бꙑсте, бꙑста byste, bysta
plural	1st	—	бѣхомъ běxomŭ	бꙑхомъ byxomŭ
	2nd	—	бѣсте běste	бꙑсте byste
	3rd	бѣахѫ běaxǫ	бѣшѧ běšę	бꙑшѧ byšę

		conditional	present negative
singular	1st	бимь bimĭ	нѣсмь něsmĭ
	2nd	би bi	нѣси něsi
	3rd	би bi	нѣстъ něstŭ
dual	1st	?	нѣсвѣ něsvě
	2nd	?	нѣста něsta
	3rd	?	нѣсте, нѣста něste, něsta
plural	1st	бимъ, бихомъ bimŭ, bixomŭ	нѣсмъ něsmŭ
	2nd	бисте biste	нѣсте něste
	3rd	бѫ, бишѧ bǫ, bišę	не сѫтъ ne sǫtŭ

¹ For declension of participles, see their entries.

This table shows the normalized inflected forms of бꙑти. Some forms may be based on conjecture. See also

Old Church Slavonic grammar § Verbs on WikipediaWikipedia .

Derived terms

бꙑть (bytĭ)
бꙑтьнъ (bytĭnŭ)
бꙑтьѥ (bytĭje)
добꙑти (dobyti)
забꙑти (zabyti)
забꙑть (zabytĭ)
забꙑтьливъ (zabytĭlivŭ)
забꙑтьѥ (zabytĭje)
избꙑти (izbyti)
избꙑтъкъ (izbytŭkŭ)
избꙑтьѥ (izbytĭje)
небꙑтьнъ (nebytĭnŭ)
небꙑтьѥ (nebytĭje)
неизбꙑтьнъ (neizbytĭnŭ)
прибꙑти (pribyti)
прибꙑтъкъ (pribytŭkŭ)
прѣбꙑти (prěbyti)
прѣбꙑть (prěbytĭ)
прѣбꙑтьнъ (prěbytĭnŭ)
прѣбꙑтьѥ (prěbytĭje)
самобꙑтьнъ (samobytĭnŭ)
самобꙑтьѥ (samobytĭje)
събꙑти (sŭbyti)
събꙑтьѥ (sŭbytĭje)

Related terms

бꙑвати (byvati)
забꙑвати (zabyvati)
избꙑваньѥ (izbyvanĭje)
избꙑвати (izbyvati)
обꙑвати (obyvati)
отъбꙑвати (otŭbyvati)
прибꙑвати (pribyvati)
прѣбꙑваньѥ (prěbyvanĭje)
прѣбꙑвати (prěbyvati)
събꙑвати (sŭbyvati)

Descendants

Bulgarian: съм (sǎm), бъ́да (bǎ́da)

References

^ Karl Meyer (1935), “бѣхъ, бѣ, бѣ, бѣаше, бѣхомъ, бѣшѧ, бѣахѫ, бѣста, бѣаста”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[1] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 21
^ Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922), “бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[2] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
^ Vatroslav Jagić (1883), “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[3] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
^ Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903), “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎^[4] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
^
^{The template Template:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s): a=1
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Григории, editor (1057), “бѣ, бѣ, бѣаста, бѣахѫ, бѣаше, бѣста, бѣсте, бѣхъ бѣхѫ, бѣше, бѣшѧ (leaf 52)”, in Еуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎^[5] (in Old Church Slavonic), page 52
^ “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org
^ “ⱅⱏⰹ ⰱⱑ (line -13, leaf 39)”, in Codex Marianus [Ф.87 №6]‎^[6] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1016±16, page Mt:26:69
^ “ⰱⱑ (leaf 260, line -7)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[7] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Jn:11:1
^ Сава, editor (1050±50), “бѣше (line 7, leaf 87)”, in Sava's book‎^[8] (in Old Church Slavonic), page Jn:12:2
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[9] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 23.5, line 30
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[10] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 62, line 26
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[11] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 214.5, line 30
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[12] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 102.5, line 5
^ “ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ (line 14, leaf 35)”, in Codex Assemanius [Vat. Slav. 3]‎^[13] (in Old Church Slavonic), Vatican Library, 10xx?, page Mt:4:18
^ “ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ (leaf 78, line -5)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[14] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Mk:1:16
^ “ⰴⰾⱏⰶⱐⱀⰻ ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ ⱄⱏⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (leaf 195.5, line -9)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[15] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣшѧ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[16] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 10.5, line 17
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “прикладаѥма бѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[17] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 199, line 24
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[18] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 77.5, line 13
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣахѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[19] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 1.5, line 28
^ Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922), “II. бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[20] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
^ Vatroslav Jagić (1883), “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[21] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
^ Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903), “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎^[22] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
^ Karl Meyer (1935), “быти”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[23] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 22
^ “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org

Андрей Бояджиев, Старобългарска читанка, София, 2016.

Old East Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti) and Old Polish być.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɯti/→/ˈbɯtʲi/→/ˈbɯtʲi/

(ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈbɯti/
(ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈbɯtʲi/
(ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈbɯtʲi/

Hyphenation: бꙑ‧ти

Verb

бꙑти (byti) impf

(copulative) to be
- 1076, Sviatoslav's izbornik‎^[30], page 1:
  Добро есть, братиѥ, почѥтаньѥ книжьноѥ։ паче вьсѧкомоу хрьстьꙗноу·
  Dobro jestĭ, bratije, počjetanĭje knižĭnoje։ pače vĭsękomu xrĭstĭjanu·
  The reading of books is good, brothers: more so for any Christian.
- 14th c., Merilo Pravednoye: Trinity copy‎^[31], page 10:
  Б҃ъ ѥсть надъ всѣми вѣки. и преже бꙑтьꙗ всеꙗ твари. и преже свѣта разѵмнагѡ.
  B:ŭ jestĭ nadŭ vsěmi věki. i preže bytĭja vseja tvari. i preže světa razümnago.
  God is above all lives. And before the existance of all creation. And before the rational world.
- c. 1425, Hypatian Codex‎^[32], page 7:
  Се же соуть и҆мена кнѧ̀ꙁемь кие҆вьскыⷨ кнѧжившиⷨ в кие҆вѣ.
  Se že sutĭ imena knę̀zemĭ kijevĭskyⷨ knęživšiⷨ v kijevě.
  And these are the names of the Kievan princes who ruled in Kiev.
(auxiliary) With the l-participle, used to form the past tense.
- 1377, Dmitry of Suzdal, Laurentian Codex‎^[33], page 1:
  ѿкуду єсть пошла рускаꙗ ꙁемѧ.
  otŭkudu jestĭ pošla ruskaja zemę.
  Whence has originated the Rus land.
(auxiliary, verb in the 3rd person singular, subject in the dative) to have to

Conjugation

Conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)

Present Active Participle		Present Passive Participle	Past Active Participle	Past Passive Participle
		Singular	Dual	Plural
Present	1st	есмь jesmĭ	есвѣ jesvě	есмъ jesmŭ
	2nd	еси jesi	еста jesta	есте jeste
	3rd	есть jestĭ	еста jesta	сѫть sǫtĭ
Aorist	1st	бꙑхъ, бѣхъ byxŭ, běxŭ	бꙑховѣ, бѣховѣ byxově, běxově	бꙑхомъ, бѣхомъ byxomŭ, běxomŭ
	2nd	бꙑ, бꙑсть, бѣ by, bystĭ, bě	бꙑста, бѣста bysta, běsta	бꙑсте, бѣсте byste, běste
	3rd	бꙑ, бꙑсть, бѣ by, bystĭ, bě	бꙑста, бѣста bysta, běsta	бꙑша, бѣша byša, běša
Imperfect	1st	бѣахъ, бꙗхъ běaxŭ, bjaxŭ	бѣаховѣ, бꙗховѣ běaxově, bjaxově	бѣахомъ, бꙗхомъ běaxomŭ, bjaxomŭ
	2nd	бѣаше, бꙗше běaše, bjaše	бѣаста, бꙗста běasta, bjasta	бѣасте, бꙗсте běaste, bjaste
	3rd	бѣаше, бꙗше běaše, bjaše	бѣаста, бꙗста běasta, bjasta	бѣаша, бꙗша, бꙗхѫ běaša, bjaša, bjaxǫ
Imperative		бѫди bǫdi	бѫдѣта bǫděta	бѫдѣте bǫděte
Cohortative		— —	бѫдѣвѣ bǫděvě	бѫдѣмъ bǫděmŭ
сꙑ sy		— —	бꙑвъ byvŭ	— —
L-Participle		Infinitive	Supine
бꙑлъ bylŭ		бꙑти byti	бꙑтъ bytŭ

Future conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	бѫдѫ bǫdǫ	бѫдевѣ bǫdevě	бѫдемъ bǫdemŭ
2nd	бѫдеши bǫdeši	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдете bǫdete
3rd	бѫдеть bǫdetĭ	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдѫть bǫdǫtĭ
Future Active Participle	бѫда bǫda

Descendants

Old Ruthenian: бы́ти (býti)
- Belarusian: быць (bycʹ)
- Carpathian Rusyn: бы́ти (bŷ́ty)
- Ukrainian: бу́ти (búty)
Russian: быть (bytʹ)

References

Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893), “бꙑти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[34] (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 204

Old Novgorodian

Alternative forms

боути (buti)

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti and *bʰúHt. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti), Old East Slavic бꙑти (byti) and Old Polish być.

Pronunciation

Hyphenation: бꙑ‧ти

Verb

бꙑти • (byti)^[1]

(copulative) to be
- c. 1140‒1160, Kovalev, Roman K., transl., Берестяная грамота № 1000 [Birchbark letter no. 1000]‎^[35], Novgorod:
  ѿ къѧса ї ѿ жироцька къ твьрдѧте ї къ їваноу стова ти есве
  otŭ kŷjęsa i otŭ žirocʹĭka kŭ tvĭrdęte i kŭ ivanu stova ti jesve
  From Kyas and from Žiročko to Tverdjata and to Ivan. We are both alright.

Related terms

verbs

бꙑвати (byvati)

References

^ Zaliznyak, Andrey (2004), Древненовгородский диалект [Old Novgorod dialect]‎^[24] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Moscow: LRC Publishing House, →ISBN, page 714

бꙑти

Old Church Slavonic

Alternative forms

Etymology

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Further reading

Old East Slavic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Descendants

References

Old Novgorodian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Related terms

References

Further reading