сом

See also: Appendix:Variations of "som"

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsɔm]

• Audio (Standard Bulgarian):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔm

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *somъ.

Noun

сом • (som) m

1. sheatfish (Silurus glanis)

Declension

Declension of сом

	singular	plural
indefinite	сом som	со́мове sómove
definite (subject form)	со́мът sómǎt	со́мовете sómovete
definite (object form)	со́ма sóma
count form	—	со́ма sóma
vocative form	со́ме sóme	со́мове sómove

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Kyrgyz сом (som) and Uzbek сўм (soʻm)/soʻm.

Noun

сом • (som) m

1. (numismatics) som, so'm

East Circassian

Etymology

From Turkic. The semantic shift from "ingot/unworked metal" to "currency unit" is parallel to the development of the Russian рубль (rublʹ). An alternative theory suggesting a borrowing from Italian somma (“sum”) via medieval Genoese traders has been rejected by Shagirov.

Noun

сом (som)

1. ruble
2. (historical) heavy coin or bullion

Eastern Khanty

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɒːm]

Noun

сом (som) (Surgut)

1. fish scale

References

• Elena Skribnik, editor (2016), Ob-Ugric Database: analysed text corpora and dictionaries for less described Ob-Ugric dialects‎^[3], University of Munich
• Volkova, A. N.; Solovar, V. N. (2018), “сом”, in Хантыйско-русский тематический словарь (сургутский диалект) [Khanty-Russian Thematic Dictionary (Surgut dialect)]‎^[4] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: РГПУ имени А.И. Герцена, →ISBN, page 200

Ingush

Etymology

Akin to Chechen стом (stom).

Noun

сом • (som)

1. fruit

Kazakh

Alternative scripts

Arabic	سوم
Cyrillic	сом
Latin	som

Etymology

As a unit of currency, the Turkic root *som literally means pure, implying pure gold.

Adjective

сом • (som)

1. solid, dense
2. pure

Noun

сом • (som)

1. som (national unit of currency in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan)
2. (historical) ruble (under the USSR)

Kyrgyz

Etymology

As a unit of currency, the Turkic root *som literally means pure, implying pure gold.

Noun

сом • (som) (Arabic spelling سوم)

1. som (national unit of currency in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan)
2. (historical) ruble (under the USSR)

Declension

Declension of сом

singular (жекелик)
possession → case ↓	—	first-person singular (менин)	second-person singular informal (сенин)	second-person singular formal (сиздин)	third-person singular/plural (анын/алардын)	first-person plural (биздин)	second-person plural informal (силердин)	second-person plural formal (сиздердин)
nominative (атооч)	сом som	сомум somum	сомуң somuŋ	сомуңуз somuŋuz	сому somu	сомубуз somubuz	сомуңар somuŋar	сомуңуздар somuŋuzdar
genitive (илик)	сомдун somdun	сомумдун somumdun	сомуңдун somuŋdun	сомуңуздун somuŋuzdun	сомунун somunun	сомубуздун somubuzdun	сомуңардын somuŋardın	сомуңуздардын somuŋuzdardın
dative (барыш)	сомго somgo	сомума somuma	сомуңа somuŋa	сомуңузга somuŋuzga	сомуна somuna	сомубузга somubuzga	сомуңарга somuŋarga	сомуңуздарга somuŋuzdarga
accusative (табыш)	сомду somdu	сомумду somumdu	сомуңду somuŋdu	сомуңузду somuŋuzdu	сомун somun	сомубузду somubuzdu	сомуңарды somuŋardı	сомуңуздарды somuŋuzdardı
locative (жатыш)	сомдо somdo	сомумда somumda	сомуңда somuŋda	сомуңузда somuŋuzda	сомунда somunda	сомубузда somubuzda	сомуңарда somuŋarda	сомуңуздарда somuŋuzdarda
ablative (чыгыш)	сомдон somdon	сомумдан somumdan	сомуңдан somuŋdan	сомуңуздан somuŋuzdan	сомунан somunan	сомубуздан somubuzdan	сомуңардан somuŋardan	сомуңуздардан somuŋuzdardan
plural (көптөгөн)
possession → case ↓	—	first-person singular (менин)	second-person singular informal (сенин)	second-person singular formal (сиздин)	third-person singular/plural (анын/алардын)	first-person plural (биздин)	second-person plural informal (силердин)	second-person plural formal (сиздердин)
nominative (атооч)	сомдор somdor	сомдорум somdorum	сомдоруң somdoruŋ	сомдоруңуз somdoruŋuz	сомдору somdoru	сомдорубуз somdorubuz	сомдоруңар somdoruŋar	сомдоруңуздар somdoruŋuzdar
genitive (илик)	сомдордун somdordun	сомдорумдун somdorumdun	сомдоруңдун somdoruŋdun	сомдоруңуздун somdoruŋuzdun	сомдорунун somdorunun	сомдорубуздун somdorubuzdun	сомдоруңардын somdoruŋardın	сомдоруңуздардын somdoruŋuzdardın
dative (барыш)	сомдорго somdorgo	сомдорума somdoruma	сомдоруңа somdoruŋa	сомдоруңузга somdoruŋuzga	сомдоруна somdoruna	сомдорубузга somdorubuzga	сомдоруңарга somdoruŋarga	сомдоруңуздарга somdoruŋuzdarga
accusative (табыш)	сомдорду somdordu	сомдорумду somdorumdu	сомдоруңду somdoruŋdu	сомдоруңузду somdoruŋuzdu	сомдорун somdorun	сомдорубузду somdorubuzdu	сомдоруңарды somdoruŋardı	сомдоруңуздарды somdoruŋuzdardı
locative (жатыш)	сомдордо somdordo	сомдорумда somdorumda	сомдоруңда somdoruŋda	сомдоруңузда somdoruŋuzda	сомдорунда somdorunda	сомдорубузда somdorubuzda	сомдоруңарда somdoruŋarda	сомдоруңуздарда somdoruŋuzdarda
ablative (чыгыш)	сомдордон somdordon	сомдорумдан somdorumdan	сомдоруңдан somdoruŋdan	сомдоруңуздан somdoruŋuzdan	сомдорунан somdorunan	сомдорубуздан somdorubuzdan	сомдоруңардан somdoruŋardan	сомдоруңуздардан somdoruŋuzdardan

Adjective

сом • (som) (comparative [please provide], superlative [please provide], Arabic spelling سوم)

1. pure

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *somъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɔm]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

сом • (som) m (diminutive сомче)

1. catfish

Declension

Declension of сом

	singular	plural
indefinite	сом (som)	сомови (somovi)
definite unspecified	сомот (somot)	сомовите (somovite)
definite proximal	сомов (somov)	сомовиве (somovive)
definite distal	сомон (somon)	сомовине (somovine)
vocative	сому (somu)	сомови (somovi)
count form	—	сома (soma)

Derived terms

• сомиште n (somište)

Mongolian

Mongolian	Cyrillic
ᠰᠣᠮ (som)	сом (som)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɔm/
• Syllabification: сом

Noun

сом • (som)

1. (dialectal) wooden fermentation bucket

Declension

Declension of сом (о-harmonic regular ууд-pl)

attributive сом som singular / indefinite definite plural nominative сом som сомууд somuud genitive сомын somyn сомуудын somuudyn accusative сомыг somyg сомуудыг somuudyg dative-locative сомд somd сомуудад somuudad ablative сомоос somoos сомуудаас somuudaas instrumental сомоор somoor сомуудаар somuudaar comitative сомтой somtoj сомуудтай somuudtaj privative сомгүй somgüj сомуудгүй somuudgüj directive сом руу som ruu сомууд руу somuud ruu Reflexive possessive forms  singular / indefinite definite plural nominative сомоо somoo сомуудаа somuudaa genitive сомынхоо somynxoo сомуудынхаа somuudynxaa accusative сомыгоо somygoo сомуудыгаа somuudygaa dative-locative сомдоо somdoo сомууддаа somuuddaa ablative сомоосоо somoosoo сомуудаасаа somuudaasaa instrumental сомоороо somooroo сомуудаараа somuudaaraa comitative сомтойгоо somtojgoo сомуудтайгаа somuudtajgaa privative сомгүйгээ somgüjgee сомуудгүйгээ somuudgüjgee directive сом руугаа som ruugaa сомууд руугаа somuud ruugaa independent genitive singular / indefinite definite plural singular possession сомынх somynx сомуудынх somuudynx collective possession сомынхон somynxon сомуудынхан somuudynxan

Northern Khanty

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!)

Noun

сом (som) (Kazym)

1. fish scale

References

• Solovar, V. N. (2014), “сом”, in Хантыйско-русский Словарь (казымский диалект) [Khanty-Russian Dictionary (Kazym Dialect)]‎^[5], 2nd edition, Khanty-Mansiysk: ООО «ФОРМАТ», →ISBN, page 283

Pannonian Rusyn

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsɔm]
• Rhymes: -ɔm
• Hyphenation: сом

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Inherited from Old Slovak som, from Proto-Slavic *esmь. Cognate with Slovak som.

Verb

сом (som)

1. first-person singular indicative present of буц (buc)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian сом / som, from Proto-Slavic *somъ. Cognate with Slovak sumec.

Noun

сом (som) m anim (augmentative сомиско)

1. (Serbism) catfish

   Synonym: харча (xarča)

Declension

Declension of сом (som)

	singular	plural
nominative	сом (som)	соми (somi)
genitive	сома (soma)	сомох (somox)
dative	сомови (somovi)	сомом (somom)
accusative	сома (soma)	соми (somi)
instrumental	сомом (somom)	сомами (somami)
locative	сомови (somovi)	сомох (somox)
vocative	сому (somu)	соми (somi)

References

• Medʹeši, H.; Fejsa, M.; Timko-Djitko, O. (2010), “сом”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [som]

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *somъ.

Noun

сом • (som) m anim (genitive сома́, nominative plural сомы́, genitive plural сомо́в)

1. catfish, sheatfish
   • 1939, “Рыба. Отварная рыба. Белуга отварная”, in Книга о вкусной и здоровой пище, Москва, Ленинград: Пищепромиздат; English translation from The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food, (Please provide a date or year):

     Белу́гу и другу́ю кра́сную ры́бу, а та́кже сома́ лу́чше вари́ть це́лым куско́м и ре́зать на по́рции пе́ред пода́чей на стол.

     Belúgu i drugúju krásnuju rýbu, a tákže somá lúčše varítʹ célym kuskóm i rézatʹ na pórcii péred podáčej na stol.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Declension of сом (anim masc-form hard-stem accent-b) 

	singular	plural
nominative	со́м sóm	сомы́ somý
genitive	сома́ somá	сомо́в somóv
dative	сому́ somú	сома́м somám
accusative	сома́ somá	сомо́в somóv
instrumental	сомо́м somóm	сома́ми somámi
prepositional	соме́ somé	сома́х somáx

Related terms

• сомообра́зные pl (somoobráznyje)
  • со́мовые pl (sómovyje)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Kyrgyz сом (som), Uzbek сўм (soʻm)/soʻm.

Noun

сом • (som) m inan (genitive со́ма, nominative plural со́мы, genitive plural со́мов)

1. (numismatics) som, so'm

Declension

Declension of сом (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	со́м sóm	со́мы sómy
genitive	со́ма sóma	со́мов sómov
dative	со́му sómu	со́мам sómam
accusative	со́м sóm	со́мы sómy
instrumental	со́мом sómom	со́мами sómami
prepositional	со́ме sóme	со́мах sómax

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sôm/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *somъ.

Noun

со̏м m anim (Latin spelling sȍm)

1. catfish

Declension

Declension of сом

	singular	plural
nominative	со̏м	со̀мови
genitive	сома	сомова
dative	сому	сомовима
accusative	сома	сомове
vocative	соме	сомови
locative	сому	сомовима
instrumental	сомом	сомовима

Further reading

• “сом”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 2

The origins of this term are unclear. Possibly because som (catfish) is a big fish. Others believe it is due to the 1000 dinar banknotes of 1955, on which the person depicted appears to have two fish eyes (instead of welding goggles) on his head.

Noun

со̏м m inan (Latin spelling sȍm)

1. (colloquial) grand (a thousand of something, especially but not only money)

Southern Altai

Etymology

As a unit of currency, the Turkic root *som literally means pure, implying pure gold.

Noun

сом • (som)

1. statue, contour, form

Declension

Inflection of сом

	singular	plural
absolute	сом (som)	сомдор (somdor)
definite genitive	сомныҥ (somnïŋ)	сомдордыҥ (somdordïŋ)
dative	сомго (somgo)	сомдорго (somdorgo)
definite accusative	сомды (somdï)	сомдорды (somdordï)
locative	сомдо (somdo)	сомдордо (somdordo)
ablative	сомноҥ (somnoŋ)	сомдордоҥ (somdordoŋ)

Adjective

сом • (som)

1. unbroken, hard

References

• Verbickij, V. I. (1884), “сом”, in Словарь алтайского и аладагского наречий тюркского языка [Dictionary of Altaic and Aladag dialects of Turkic], Kazan, page 305
• N. A. Baskakov, Toščakova N.A, editor (1947), “сом”, in Ojrotsko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Oyrot-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: M.: OGIZ, →ISBN
• Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1893–1911), Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects] (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, columns 562, 563

Ukrainian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɔm]

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *somъ.

Noun

сом • (som) m animal (genitive со́ма, nominative plural со́ми, genitive plural со́мів)

1. catfish

Declension

Declension of сом
(animal hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	сом som	со́ми sómy
genitive	со́ма sóma	со́мів sómiv
dative	со́мові, со́му sómovi, sómu	со́мам sómam
accusative	со́ма sóma	со́ми, со́мів sómy, sómiv
instrumental	со́мом sómom	со́мами sómamy
locative	со́мові, со́мі sómovi, sómi	со́мах sómax
vocative	со́ме sóme	со́ми sómy

Etymology 2

Noun

сом • (som) m inan (genitive со́ма, nominative plural со́ми, genitive plural со́мів)

1. som (currency)

Declension

Declension of сом
(inan hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	сом som	со́ми sómy
genitive	со́ма sóma	со́мів sómiv
dative	со́мові, со́му sómovi, sómu	со́мам sómam
accusative	сом som	со́ми sómy
instrumental	со́мом sómom	со́мами sómamy
locative	со́мі sómi	со́мах sómax
vocative	со́ме sóme	со́ми sómy

References

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “сом”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• “сом”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horox – Slovozmina, Horokh – Inflection]‎^[6]
• “сом”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
• “сом”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua, Slovnyk.ua]‎^[7]

West Circassian

Etymology

From Turkic. The semantic shift from "ingot/unworked metal" to "currency unit" is parallel to the development of the Russian рубль (rublʹ). An alternative theory suggesting a borrowing from Italian somma (“sum”) via medieval Genoese traders has been rejected by Shagirov.

Noun

сом (som)

1. ruble
2. (historical) heavy coin or bullion

Descendants

• → Ubykh: сомэ (some)