जीव

See also: जैव

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जीव (jīva). Doublet of जीउ (jīu) and जी (jī).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒiːʋ/

Noun

जीव • (jīv) m

1. life

   Synonym: जीवन (jīvan)

2. the soul; lifeforce

   Synonyms: प्राण (prāṇ), जान (jān)

3. living creature

Declension

Declension of जीव (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	जीव jīv	जीव jīv
oblique	जीव jīv	जीवों jīvõ
vocative	जीव jīv	जीवो jīvo

Derived terms

• जीव-रसायन (jīv-rasāyan)
• जीव-विज्ञान (jīv-vijñān, “biology”)
• जीव-वैज्ञानिक (jīv-vaijñānik, “biologist”)
• जीवकोष (jīvkoṣ)
• जीवसाधन (jīvsādhan)
• जीवहत्या (jīvhatyā)
• जीवहिंसा (jīvhinsā)
• जीवाणु (jīvāṇu, “microbe”)

Related terms

• सजीव (sajīv)

Konkani

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जीव (jīva). Doublet of जीवु (jīvu).

Noun

जीव • (jīv) (Latin script ziv, Kannada script ಜೀವ)

1. life

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जीव (jīva). Related to जीवन (jīvan, “life”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʑiʋ/, [d͡ʑiːʋ]

Noun

जीव • (jīv) m

1. life

   Synonym: प्राण (prāṇ)

   त्याचा जीव धोक्यात आहे! ― tyācā jīv dhokyāt āhe! ― His life is in danger!

Declension

Declension of जीव (masc cons-stem)
direct singular	जीव jīv
direct plural	जीव jīv
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	जीव jīv		जीव jīv
oblique सामान्यरूप	जीवा jīvā		जीवां- jīvān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	जीवाला jīvālā		जीवांना jīvānnā
ergative	जीवाने, जीवानं jīvāne, jīvāna		जीवांनी jīvānnī
instrumental	जीवाशी jīvāśī		जीवांशी jīvānśī
locative सप्तमी	जीवात jīvāt		जीवांत jīvāt
vocative संबोधन	जीवा jīvā		जीवांनो jīvānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of जीव (masc cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	जीवाचा jīvāċā	जीवाचे jīvāċe	जीवाची jīvācī	जीवाच्या jīvācā	जीवाचे, जीवाचं jīvāċe, jīvāċa	जीवाची jīvācī	जीवाच्या jīvācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	जीवांचा jīvānċā	जीवांचे jīvānċe	जीवांची jīvāñcī	जीवांच्या jīvāncā	जीवांचे, जीवांचं jīvānċe, jīvānċa	जीवांची jīvāñcī	जीवांच्या jīvāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• जीव देणे (jīv deṇe, “to commit suicide”)
• जीवशास्त्र (jīvśāstra, “biology”)
• जैविक (jaivik, “biological”)
• निर्जीव (nirjīv, “non-living”)
• सजीव (sajīv, “living organism”)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जीव”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• jīva (Latin script)
• 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• জীৰ (Bengali script)
• ජීව (Sinhalese script)
• ဇီဝ or ဇဳဝ or ၹီဝ (Burmese script)
• ชีว or ชีวะ (Thai script)
• ᨩᩦᩅ (Tai Tham script)
• ຊີວ or ຊີວະ (Lao script)
• ជីវ (Khmer script)
• 𑄎𑄩𑅇 (Chakma script)

Adjective

जीव

1. Devanagari script form of jīva (“living”)

Declension

Declension table of "जीव" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवो (jīvo)	जीवा (jīvā)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवे (jīve)
Instrumental (third)	जीवेन (jīvena)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa) or जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवत्थं (jīvatthaṃ)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवस्मा (jīvasmā) or जीवम्हा (jīvamhā) or जीवा (jīvā)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवस्मिं (jīvasmiṃ) or जीवम्हि (jīvamhi) or जीवे (jīve)	जीवेसु (jīvesu)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवा (jīvā)

Declension table of "जीवा" (feminine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवा (jīvā)	जीवायो (jīvāyo) or जीवा (jīvā)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवायो (jīvāyo) or जीवा (jīvā)
Instrumental (third)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवाहि (jīvāhi) or जीवाभि (jīvābhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवाहि (jīvāhi) or जीवाभि (jīvābhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवायं (jīvāyaṃ)	जीवासु (jīvāsu)
Vocative (calling)	जीवे (jīve)	जीवायो (jīvāyo) or जीवा (jīvā)

Declension table of "जीव" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Instrumental (third)	जीवेन (jīvena)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa) or जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवत्थं (jīvatthaṃ)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवस्मा (jīvasmā) or जीवम्हा (jīvamhā) or जीवा (jīvā)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवस्मिं (jīvasmiṃ) or जीवम्हि (jīvamhi) or जीवे (jīve)	जीवेसु (jīvesu)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवानि (jīvāni)

Noun

जीव m or n

1. Devanagari script form of jīva (“life”)

Declension

Declension table of "जीव" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Instrumental (third)	जीवेन (jīvena)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa) or जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवत्थं (jīvatthaṃ)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवस्मा (jīvasmā) or जीवम्हा (jīvamhā) or जीवा (jīvā)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवस्मिं (jīvasmiṃ) or जीवम्हि (jīvamhi) or जीवे (jīve)	जीवेसु (jīvesu)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवानि (jīvāni)

When masculine, the nominative, vocative and accusative are instead:

Declension table of "जीव" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवो (jīvo)	जीवा (jīvā)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवे (jīve)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवा (jīvā)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• জীৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬚᬷᬯ (Balinese script)
• জীব (Bengali script)
• 𑰕𑰱𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ဇီဝ (Burmese script)
• જીવ (Gujarati script)
• ਜੀਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌜𑍀𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦗꦷꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂔𑂲𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಜೀವ (Kannada script)
• ជីវ (Khmer script)
• ຊີວ (Lao script)
• ജീവ (Malayalam script)
• ᡯᡳᡳᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘕𑘲𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠽᠢᠢᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦵𑧓𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐖𑐷𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଜୀଵ (Odia script)
• ꢙꢷꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆘𑆵𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖕𑖱𑖪 (Siddham script)
• ජීව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩣𑩑𑩛𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚑𑚯𑚦 (Takri script)
• ஜீவ (Tamil script)
• జీవ (Telugu script)
• ชีว (Thai script)
• ཛཱི་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒖𑒲𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨥𑨁𑨊𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-

Proto-Indo-European *-wós

Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰiHwás

Sanskrit जीव (jīva)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰiHwás (“alive”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”), from *gʷeih₃w- (“to live”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬬𐬀 (jva), Old Persian 𐎪𐎡𐎺 (ji-i-v /⁠jīva⁠/), Ancient Greek βίος (bíos), Latin vīvus, Old Church Slavonic живъ (živŭ), Bulgarian жив (živ), Russian жив (živ), Old English cwic (whence English quick).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑiː.ʋɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑiː.ʋɐ/

Adjective

जीव • (jīvá) stem

1. alive, living
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.78.9:

     दश मासाञ्छशयानः कुमारो अधि मातरि ।
     निरैतु जीवो अक्षतो जीवो जीवन्त्या अधि ॥

     daśa māsāñchaśayānaḥ kumāro adhi mātari.
     niraitu jīvo akṣato jīvo jīvantyā adhi.

     The child who hath for ten months' time been lying in his mother's womb,
     May he come forth alive, unharmed, yea, living from the living dame.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जीव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जीवः (jīváḥ)	जीवौ (jīvaú) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)	जीवाः (jīvā́ḥ) जीवासः¹ (jīvā́saḥ¹)
accusative	जीवम् (jīvám)	जीवौ (jīvaú) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)	जीवान् (jīvā́n)
instrumental	जीवेन (jīvéna)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवैः (jīvaíḥ) जीवेभिः¹ (jīvébhiḥ¹)
dative	जीवाय (jīvā́ya)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
ablative	जीवात् (jīvā́t)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
genitive	जीवस्य (jīvásya)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवानाम् (jīvā́nām)
locative	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवेषु (jīvéṣu)
vocative	जीव (jī́va)	जीवौ (jī́vau) जीवा¹ (jī́vā¹)	जीवाः (jī́vāḥ) जीवासः¹ (jī́vāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जीवा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जीवा (jīvā́)	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवाः (jīvā́ḥ)
accusative	जीवाम् (jīvā́m)	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवाः (jīvā́ḥ)
instrumental	जीवया (jīváyā) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवाभिः (jīvā́bhiḥ)
dative	जीवायै (jīvā́yai)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवाभ्यः (jīvā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	जीवायाः (jīvā́yāḥ) जीवायै² (jīvā́yai²)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवाभ्यः (jīvā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	जीवायाः (jīvā́yāḥ) जीवायै² (jīvā́yai²)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवानाम् (jīvā́nām)
locative	जीवायाम् (jīvā́yām)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवासु (jīvā́su)
vocative	जीवे (jī́ve)	जीवे (jī́ve)	जीवाः (jī́vāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of जीव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जीवम् (jīvám)	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवानि (jīvā́ni) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)
accusative	जीवम् (jīvám)	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवानि (jīvā́ni) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)
instrumental	जीवेन (jīvéna)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवैः (jīvaíḥ) जीवेभिः¹ (jīvébhiḥ¹)
dative	जीवाय (jīvā́ya)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
ablative	जीवात् (jīvā́t)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
genitive	जीवस्य (jīvásya)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवानाम् (jīvā́nām)
locative	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवेषु (jīvéṣu)
vocative	जीव (jī́va)	जीवे (jī́ve)	जीवानि (jī́vāni) जीवा¹ (jī́vā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

जीव • (jīvá) stem, m or n

1. life, existence
2. any living being, anything living
3. the principle of life, the vital breath
4. m (a name of) बृहस्पति

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जीव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जीवः (jīváḥ)	जीवौ (jīvaú) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)	जीवाः (jīvā́ḥ) जीवासः¹ (jīvā́saḥ¹)
accusative	जीवम् (jīvám)	जीवौ (jīvaú) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)	जीवान् (jīvā́n)
instrumental	जीवेन (jīvéna)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवैः (jīvaíḥ) जीवेभिः¹ (jīvébhiḥ¹)
dative	जीवाय (jīvā́ya)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
ablative	जीवात् (jīvā́t)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
genitive	जीवस्य (jīvásya)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवानाम् (jīvā́nām)
locative	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवेषु (jīvéṣu)
vocative	जीव (jī́va)	जीवौ (jī́vau) जीवा¹ (jī́vā¹)	जीवाः (jī́vāḥ) जीवासः¹ (jī́vāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of जीव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जीवम् (jīvám)	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवानि (jīvā́ni) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)
accusative	जीवम् (jīvám)	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवानि (jīvā́ni) जीवा¹ (jīvā́¹)
instrumental	जीवेन (jīvéna)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवैः (jīvaíḥ) जीवेभिः¹ (jīvébhiḥ¹)
dative	जीवाय (jīvā́ya)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
ablative	जीवात् (jīvā́t)	जीवाभ्याम् (jīvā́bhyām)	जीवेभ्यः (jīvébhyaḥ)
genitive	जीवस्य (jīvásya)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवानाम् (jīvā́nām)
locative	जीवे (jīvé)	जीवयोः (jīváyoḥ)	जीवेषु (jīvéṣu)
vocative	जीव (jī́va)	जीवे (jī́ve)	जीवानि (jī́vāni) जीवा¹ (jī́vā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Related terms

• अजीव (ajīva, “lifeless”)
• जीवक (jīvaka, “animal”)
• जीवति (jī́vati, “to live”)
• जीवत्व (jīvatva)
• जीवन (jī́vana)
• जीवन्मुक्त (jīvanmukta)
• जीवन्मुक्ति (jīvanmukti)
• जीवल (jīvalá, “full of life”)
• जीवात्मन् (jīvātman)
• जीवित (jīvitá, “alive”)
• निर्जीव (nirjīva, “lifeless”)
• संजीव (saṃjīva)
• सजीव (sajīva)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kashmiri: زُو (zuv)
• Pali: जीव (jīva) (see there for further descendants)
• Prakrit: जीव (jīva) (see there for further descendants)
• → Assamese: জীৱ (ziw)
• → Bengali: জীব (jib)
• → Burmese: ဇီဝ (jiwa.)
• → Gujarati: જીવ (jīv)
• → Hindi: जीव (jīv)
• → Kannada: ಜೀವ (jīva)
• → Konkani: जीव (jīv)
• → Malay: jiwa
  • → Tagalog: diwa
• → Marathi: जीव (jīv)
• → Punjabi: ਜੀਵ (jīv)
• → Old Javanese: jīwa
  • Javanese: ꦗꦶꦮ (jiwa)
  • → Balinese: ᬚᬶᬯ (jiwa)
• → Telugu: జీవము (jīvamu)
• → Thai: ชีว- (chiiu-), ชีว (chiiu)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “जीव”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 422/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 594-5
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jīvá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press