मण्डल

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

maṇḍala (Latin script)
𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀟𑀮 (Brahmi script)
মণ্ডল (Bengali script)
මණ‍්ඩල (Sinhalese script)
မဏ္ဍလ or မꧣ္ꩨလ or မꧣ်ꩨလ (Burmese script)
มณฺฑล or มัณฑะละ (Thai script)
ᨾᨱ᩠ᨯᩃ (Tai Tham script)
ມຓ຺ຑລ or ມັຓຑະລະ (Lao script)
មណ្ឌល (Khmer script)
𑄟𑄕𑄴𑄓𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

मण्डल n

Devanagari script form of maṇḍala

Declension

Declension table of "मण्डल" (neuter)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	मण्डलं (maṇḍalaṃ)	मण्डलानि (maṇḍalāni)
Accusative (second)	मण्डलं (maṇḍalaṃ)	मण्डलानि (maṇḍalāni)
Instrumental (third)	मण्डलेन (maṇḍalena)	मण्डलेहि (maṇḍalehi) or मण्डलेभि (maṇḍalebhi)
Dative (fourth)	मण्डलस्स (maṇḍalassa) or मण्डलाय (maṇḍalāya) or मण्डलत्थं (maṇḍalatthaṃ)	मण्डलानं (maṇḍalānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	मण्डलस्मा (maṇḍalasmā) or मण्डलम्हा (maṇḍalamhā) or मण्डला (maṇḍalā)	मण्डलेहि (maṇḍalehi) or मण्डलेभि (maṇḍalebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	मण्डलस्स (maṇḍalassa)	मण्डलानं (maṇḍalānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	मण्डलस्मिं (maṇḍalasmiṃ) or मण्डलम्हि (maṇḍalamhi) or मण्डले (maṇḍale)	मण्डलेसु (maṇḍalesu)
Vocative (calling)	मण्डल (maṇḍala)	मण्डलानि (maṇḍalāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

মণ্ডল (Assamese script)
ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (Balinese script)
মণ্ডল (Bengali script)
𑰦𑰜𑰿𑰚𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀟𑀮 (Brahmi script)
မဏ္ဍလ (Burmese script)
મણ્ડલ (Gujarati script)
ਮਣ੍ਡਲ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌮𑌣𑍍𑌡𑌲 (Grantha script)
ꦩꦟ꧀ꦝꦭ (Javanese script)
𑂧𑂝𑂹𑂙𑂪 (Kaithi script)
ಮಣ್ಡಲ (Kannada script)
មណ្ឌល (Khmer script)
ມຓ຺ຑລ (Lao script)
മണ്ഡല (Malayalam script)
ᠮᠠᢏᡷᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘦𑘜𑘿𑘚𑘩 (Modi script)
ᠮᠠᢏᢎᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧆𑦼𑧠𑦺𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
𑐩𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐮 (Newa script)
ମଣ୍ଡଲ (Odia script)
ꢪꢠ꣄ꢞꢭ (Saurashtra script)
𑆩𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆬 (Sharada script)
𑖦𑖜𑖿𑖚𑖩 (Siddham script)
මණ‍්ඩල (Sinhalese script)
𑩴𑩪 𑪙𑩨𑩽 (Soyombo script)
𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚥 (Takri script)
மண்ட³ல (Tamil script)
మణ్డల (Telugu script)
มณฺฑล (Thai script)
མ་ཎྜ་ལ (Tibetan script)
𑒧𑒝𑓂𑒛𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
𑨢𑨘𑩇𑨖𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Sanskrit *मण्ड (*maṇḍa)?

Sanskrit -ल (-la)?

Sanskrit मण्ड॑ल

Unknown. Several theories have been proposed:

Mayrhofer and Turner agree on *मण्ड (*maṇḍa, “round”) +‎ -ल (-la), based on the lexeme found in the Classical compounds नौमण्ड (naumaṇḍa, “chief part of a ship”), मण्डचरवन्त् (maṇḍacaravant, “as if going in a circle; having a noose (?)”).^[1]^[2] Further etymology is unknown, but Dardic descendants may support a non-retroflexed *मन्द (*manda) as the ultimate source.
- Mayrhofer proposes the following Indo-European cognates: Proto-Slavic *mǫdo (“testicle”) if the retroflexion is spontaneous, or Old Irish mell (“ball”) (> modern Irish meall) if we assume l-induced retroflexion of *mel-nd- under Fortunatov's law.^[3]
- Burrow, later supported by Turner, a proposes borrowing from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *maṇṭ- (“to be bent”), cognate with Tamil மண்டி (maṇṭi, “kneeling”), முடலை (muṭalai, “ball, globe”).^[4]
Tedesco proposes वृ॒त्त (vṛttá, “round”) +‎ -ल (-la), undergoing Prakrit-like sound changes via ad-hoc intermediate *वट्टल (*vaṭṭala) > *वण्टल (*vaṇṭala) > *वण्डल (*vaṇḍala).^[5] He furthermore proposes initial v- > m- as a common Middle Indo-Aryan sound change; see मुण्ड (muṇḍa, “bald”) for more. Turner rejects this etymology on phonological grounds.^[2]
Borrowed from substrate language. Compare Nihali मौड्ढारी (moḍḍhārī, “triangle”), for the "triangle" sense in the Caturvargacintāmaṇi.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /mɐ́ɳ.ɖɐ.lɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /mɐɳ.ɖɐ.l̪ɐ/

Adjective

मण्ड॑ल • (máṇḍala) stem

circular, round
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of मण्ड॑ल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	मण्ड॑लः (máṇḍalaḥ)	मण्ड॑लौ (máṇḍalau) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)	मण्ड॑लाः (máṇḍalāḥ) मण्ड॑लासः¹ (máṇḍalāsaḥ¹)
accusative	मण्ड॑लम् (máṇḍalam)	मण्ड॑लौ (máṇḍalau) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)	मण्ड॑लान् (máṇḍalān)
instrumental	मण्ड॑लेन (máṇḍalena)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लैः (máṇḍalaiḥ) मण्ड॑लेभिः¹ (máṇḍalebhiḥ¹)
dative	मण्ड॑लाय (máṇḍalāya)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लेभ्यः (máṇḍalebhyaḥ)
ablative	मण्ड॑लात् (máṇḍalāt)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लेभ्यः (máṇḍalebhyaḥ)
genitive	मण्ड॑लस्य (máṇḍalasya)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लानाम् (máṇḍalānām)
locative	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लेषु (máṇḍaleṣu)
vocative	मण्ड॑ल (máṇḍala)	मण्ड॑लौ (máṇḍalau) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)	मण्ड॑लाः (máṇḍalāḥ) मण्ड॑लासः¹ (máṇḍalāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of मण्ड॑ला
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	मण्ड॑ला (máṇḍalā)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लाः (máṇḍalāḥ)
accusative	मण्ड॑लाम् (máṇḍalām)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लाः (máṇḍalāḥ)
instrumental	मण्ड॑लया (máṇḍalayā) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लाभिः (máṇḍalābhiḥ)
dative	मण्ड॑लायै (máṇḍalāyai)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लाभ्यः (máṇḍalābhyaḥ)
ablative	मण्ड॑लायाः (máṇḍalāyāḥ) मण्ड॑लायै² (máṇḍalāyai²)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लाभ्यः (máṇḍalābhyaḥ)
genitive	मण्ड॑लायाः (máṇḍalāyāḥ) मण्ड॑लायै² (máṇḍalāyai²)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लानाम् (máṇḍalānām)
locative	मण्ड॑लायाम् (máṇḍalāyām)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लासु (máṇḍalāsu)
vocative	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लाः (máṇḍalāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of मण्ड॑ल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	मण्ड॑लम् (máṇḍalam)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लानि (máṇḍalāni) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)
accusative	मण्ड॑लम् (máṇḍalam)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लानि (máṇḍalāni) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)
instrumental	मण्ड॑लेन (máṇḍalena)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लैः (máṇḍalaiḥ) मण्ड॑लेभिः¹ (máṇḍalebhiḥ¹)
dative	मण्ड॑लाय (máṇḍalāya)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लेभ्यः (máṇḍalebhyaḥ)
ablative	मण्ड॑लात् (máṇḍalāt)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लेभ्यः (máṇḍalebhyaḥ)
genitive	मण्ड॑लस्य (máṇḍalasya)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लानाम् (máṇḍalānām)
locative	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लेषु (máṇḍaleṣu)
vocative	मण्ड॑ल (máṇḍala)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लानि (máṇḍalāni) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)

¹Vedic

Noun

मण्ड॑ल • (máṇḍala) stem, n

(rarely m) disk (especially of the sun or moon)
anything round
circle, globe, orb, ring, circumference, ball, wheel
मण्डलेन ― maṇḍalena ― in a circle
- c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa
(astronomy) the path or orbit of a heavenly body
- c. 400 CE, Lāṭadeva, Sūryasiddhānta
a halo round the sun or moon
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā
a ball used for playing
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
(surgery) circular bandage
- c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā
(also in the plural) a sort of cutaneous eruption or leprosy with circular spot
round mole or mark (caused by a fingernail etc.) on the body
- Lāṭyāyana, Lāṭyāyana-śrauta-sūtra
- c. 300 BCE, Kātyāyana, Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra
(military) circular array of troops
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
- Kām
(geography) district, arrondissement, territory, province, country
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
mandala (a surrounding district or neighbouring state; the circle consisting of a ruler's near and distant neighbours)
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 7.154
- Yājñ
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
a multitude, group, band, collection, whole body, society, company
mandala (division of the book of the Rigveda)

Usage notes

In Hemādri's Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi also applied to anything triangular; compare मण्डलक (maṇḍalaka).

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of मण्ड॑ल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	मण्ड॑लम् (máṇḍalam)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लानि (máṇḍalāni) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)
accusative	मण्ड॑लम् (máṇḍalam)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लानि (máṇḍalāni) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)
instrumental	मण्ड॑लेन (máṇḍalena)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लैः (máṇḍalaiḥ) मण्ड॑लेभिः¹ (máṇḍalebhiḥ¹)
dative	मण्ड॑लाय (máṇḍalāya)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लेभ्यः (máṇḍalebhyaḥ)
ablative	मण्ड॑लात् (máṇḍalāt)	मण्ड॑लाभ्याम् (máṇḍalābhyām)	मण्ड॑लेभ्यः (máṇḍalebhyaḥ)
genitive	मण्ड॑लस्य (máṇḍalasya)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लानाम् (máṇḍalānām)
locative	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लयोः (máṇḍalayoḥ)	मण्ड॑लेषु (máṇḍaleṣu)
vocative	मण्ड॑ल (máṇḍala)	मण्ड॑ले (máṇḍale)	मण्ड॑लानि (máṇḍalāni) मण्ड॑ला¹ (máṇḍalā¹)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

मण्डलिन् (maṇḍalin, “chief, leader”, literally “possessor of the territory”)
- Pali: maṇḍalin
- Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮𑀺 (maṃḍali)
  - Bengali: মোড়ল (mōṛol, “chief of a village”), মোড়োল (mōṛōl), মড়ল (moṛol), মরল (morol), মওল (moōl), মৌল (mōul)

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kalasha: māṇḍal (“coffin”), māṇḍau
- Kashmiri: (“circle”)
  Devanagari script: मान्डुल (mānḍul)
  
  Arabic script: مانڈُل (mānḍul)
Pali: maṇḍala
Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮 (maṃḍala)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Hindustani:
    Hindi: मंडल (maṇḍal), मण्डल (maṇḍal), मंडली (maṇḍlī)
    Urdu: مَںڈَل (mãḍal), مَںڈلِی (mãḍlī)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali-Assamese:
    - Early Assamese: মাণ্ডল (maṇḍolo), মণ্ডল (moṇḍolo)
      - Assamese: মাৰল (marol), মাৰলি (maroli), মৰল (morol)
    - Bengali: মণ্ডল (monḍol)
  - Bihari:
    - Maithili:
      Devanagari script: मड़रा (maṛᵊrā), माँड़रि (mā̃ṛᵊrɨ), मड़्रो (maṛrō)
      Tirhuta script: 𑒧𑒛𑓃𑒩𑒰 (maṛarā), 𑒧𑒰𑒿𑒛𑓃𑒩 (mā̃ṛara), 𑒧𑒛𑓃𑓂𑒩𑒽 (maṛro)
  - Odia: ମଣ୍ଡଳ (maṇḍaḷa), ମୁଣ୍ଡୁଳା (muṇḍuḷā), ମୁଣ୍ଡୁଳୀ (muṇḍuḷi)
- Insular Indo-Aryan:
  - Dhivehi: މަޑުލު (maḍulu), މަޑުލަ (maḍula)
  - Sinhalese: මඩුල්ල (maḍulla), මැඩිල්ල (mæḍilla)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Nepali: मडेउलि (maḍeuli)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਮੰਡਲ (maṇḍal, “circle, orb”), ਮੰਡਲੀ (maṇḍlī, “assembly”)
    Shahmukhi script: مَݨڈَل (maṇḍal, “circle, orb”), مَݨڈلِی (maṇḍlī, “assembly”)
  - Saraiki: مَنّْلا (mannlā, “lid of a churn”)
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Marathi:
    Devanagari script: मंडळ (maṇḍaḷ), मांडळ (māṇḍaḷ)
    Modi script: 𑘦𑘽𑘚𑘯 (maṇḍaḷ), 𑘦𑘰𑘽𑘚𑘯 (māṇḍaḷ)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Old Gujarati: मांदलिइं (māṃdaliiṃ)
  - Romani: mandal (“village”)

Borrowed terms

→ English: mandala
→ German: Mandala
→ Old Javanese: maṇḍala
- Javanese: ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦭ (mandhala), ꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦭ (mandala)
- → Balinese: ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (mandala)
→ Tamil: மண்டலம் (maṇṭalam) (learned)
→ Thai: มณฑล (mon-ton)

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “máṇḍala”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 294
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “máṇḍala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 559
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963), “máṇḍalaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 559
^ Burrow, T[homas] (1948), “Dravidian Studies VII: Further Dravidian words in Sanskrit”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London‎^[3], volume 12, number 2, page 389 of 365–396
^ Tedesco, P[aul Maximilian] (1945), “Sanskrit muṇḍa- 'shaven'”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎^[4], volume 65, number 2, American Oriental Society, page 84 of 82–98

Pali

Alternative forms

Noun

Declension

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Declension

Noun

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading