あたたかい
Japanese
[edit]| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 暖かい 温かい |
Etymology
[edit]Shift in usage from older -na adjective form あたたか (atataka).[1][2] First cited in 1703.[3]
Via root あたた (atata-), cognate with 温める (atatameru, “to warm something”, transitive) and 温まる (atatamaru, “to get warm”, intransitive).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of あたたかい
| Plain | あたたかい | あたたかい | [àtátákáꜜì] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | あたたかくて | あたたかくて あたたかくて |
[àtátákáꜜkùtè] [àtátáꜜkàkùtè] |
| Continuative | あたたかく | あたたかく あたたかく |
[àtátákáꜜkù] [àtátáꜜkàkù] |
| Negative | あたたかくない | あたたかく・ない あたたかく・ない |
[àtátákáꜜkù náꜜì] [àtátáꜜkàkù náꜜì] |
| Past | あたたかかった | あたたかかった あたたかかった |
[àtátákáꜜkàttà] [àtátáꜜkàkàttà] |
| Negative past | あたたかくなかった | あたたかく・なかった あたたかく・なかった |
[àtátákáꜜkù náꜜkàttà] [àtátáꜜkàkù náꜜkàttà] |
| Conditional | あたたかければ | あたたかければ あたたかければ |
[àtátákáꜜkèrèbà] [àtátáꜜkàkèrèbà] |
| Terminal | あたたかい | あたたかい | [àtátákáꜜì] |
| Formal | あたたかいです | あたたかいです | [àtátákáꜜì dèsù] |
Adjective
[edit]あたたかい • (atatakai) -i (adverbial あたたかく (atatakaku))
- [from 1780] physically warm
- [from 1703] financially well off, rich
- [from 1907] thoughtful, understanding, emotionally warm
Usage notes
[edit]- Depending on the author, the different kanji spellings might be used to distinguish specific nuances of meaning. 暖かい (atatakai) may emphasize "surrounding warmth", primarily the temperature of the weather, but also a warm and cozy sweater or futon (as opposed to one that is physically hot, such as from the dryer or heated by an electric blanket). By contrast, 温かい (atatakai) emphasizes the temperature of objects or the subjective impression of feelings.
Inflection
[edit]| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | あたたかかろ | atatakakaro | |
| Continuative (連用形) | あたたかく | atatakaku | |
| Terminal (終止形) | あたたかい | atatakai | |
| Attributive (連体形) | あたたかい | atatakai | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | あたたかけれ | atatakakere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | あたたかかれ | atatakakare | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | あたたかくない | atatakaku nai | |
| Informal past | あたたかかった | atatakakatta | |
| Informal negative past | あたたかくなかった | atatakaku nakatta | |
| Formal | あたたかいです | atatakai desu | |
| Formal negative | あたたかくないです | atatakaku nai desu | |
| Formal past | あたたかかったです | atatakakatta desu | |
| Formal negative past | あたたかくなかったです | atatakaku nakatta desu | |
| Conjunctive | あたたかくて | atatakakute | |
| Conditional | あたたかければ | atatakakereba | |
| Provisional | あたたかかったら | atatakakattara | |
| Volitional | あたたかかろう | atatakakarō | |
| Adverbial | あたたかく | atatakaku | |
| Degree | あたたかさ | atatakasa | |
Antonyms
[edit]- 冷たい (tsumetai, “cold or cool (of an object or a person's attitude)”)
- 涼しい (suzushii, “cool (as of weather)”)
Coordinate terms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 “あたたか・い 【暖・温】
”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Nakai, Yukihiko, editor (2002), 京阪系アクセント辞典 [A Dictionary of Tone on Words of the Keihan-type Dialects] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN
