くるわ
Japanese
[edit]| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 曲輪 郭 廓 |
Etymology
[edit]Compound of くる (kuru, “going around”, consider adverbs くるくる (kurukuru), くるり (kururi, “spinningly; turningly”), verb 繰る (kuru, “to spin, to wind (a thread); to turn (a page)”)) + わ (wa, “loop? enclosure?”, the same element appearing in other words in kanji as 曲・回 (“sharp bend, loop, or bight, as in a river or coastline”), and as 輪・環 (“a ring, a loop; a hoop (as for a barrel); a circle, a round; a wheel”)),[1] referring to a wall, palisade, moat (often dry), or natural waterway surrounding a castle or other fortification.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
First appears in the late 1500s in reference to such a wall or moat.[7] Later used to refer to the area bounded by such a feature, and then used periphrastically to refer to a red-light district, which was usually divided from the rest of a town by such a wall or fence.[2][5][6][7]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- [from late 1500s] a palisade, wall, moat, natural waterway, or other structure used to divide a specific area from its surroundings, such as a castle or fort
- Synonym: 囲い (kakoi, “enclosure” in general)
- [probably from early 1600s] the area so bounded by such a structure
- [from 1678] a red-light district, specifically one that is divided from the rest of the town by means of a wall or fence or similar structure
- [from 1698] (poetry, haiku) in 俳諧 (haikai, “vulgar haiku”), the general realm of subject matter used for the opening line
Derived terms
[edit]- 郭通い (kuruwa-gayoi, “frequently visiting a red-light district”)
- 郭詞, 郭言葉 (kuruwa kotoba, “the argot of the red-light districts during the Edo period”)
- 郭沙汰 (kuruwa-zata, “the rumors and stories of the red-light district”)
- 郭三界 (kuruwa sangai, “the area or neighborhood of a red-light district”)
- 郭住まい (kuruwa-zumai, “residing in a red-light district; the lifestyle of a prostitute”)
- 郭勤め (kuruwa-zutome, “working in a red-light district; someone working in a red-light district, more specifically as a prostitute”)
- 郭者 (kuruwamono, “someone working in a red-light district”)
- 郭模様 (kuruwa moyō, “the fashionable patterns of clothing popular in the red-light district”)
- 郭様 (kuruwa yō, “the manners and customs of the red-light district”)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “郭”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ “曲輪”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
- ^ “曲輪”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 “曲輪”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 “郭・廓・曲輪”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][5] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006