和尚

See also: 和尙

Chinese

		mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm	still; yet; to value still; yet; to value; to esteem
trad. (和尚/和尙)		和	尚/尙
simp. (和尚)		和	尚
alternative forms		和上 和闍／和阇 和社 鶻社／鹘社 殟社 和上 和闍／和阇 和社 鶻社／鹘社 殟社 烏社／乌社

Etymology

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3^rd–4^th centuries, as 和上.

Borrowed from Prakrit uvajjhāa, uajjhāa, ujjhāa, ojjhāa, ojhāa, ujjhā, ujjha (“teacher; religious teacher”), all ultimately derived from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:

1. The loss of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
2. The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).

Compare Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (ûza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായന് (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).

Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): héshàng

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хәшон (həšon, I-II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wo⁴ soeng^6-2

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): vo³ siang^5*

• Gan (Wiktionary): uo⁴ song
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): vò-song

  (Meixian, Guangdong): vo² song⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): hue¹ son³
• Eastern Min (BUC): hù-siông / huò-siông
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hê-siūⁿ / hêr-siūⁿ / hôe-siōⁿ / hôe-siūⁿ / hêr-siǔⁿ / hôe-siāuⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huê⁵ siên⁷ / huê⁵ sion⁷ / hua⁵ siang⁶

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶wu-zaon
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho² shan⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: héshàng → héshang (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ → ㄏㄜˊ ˙ㄕㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: héshång
    • Wade–Giles: ho²-shang⁵
    • Yale: hé-shang
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her.shanq
    • Palladius: хэшан (xɛšan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хәшон (həšon, I-II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: wo⁴ soeng^6-2
    • Yale: wòh séung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wo⁴ soeng^6-2
    • Guangdong Romanization: wo⁴ sêng^6-2
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: vo³ siang^5*
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: uo⁴ song
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uo³⁵ sɔŋ²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vò-song
    • Hakka Romanization System: voˇ song
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vo² song⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /vo¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: vo² song⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hue¹ son³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-siông / huò-siông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵³⁻²¹ ^(s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/, /huo⁵³⁻²¹ ^(s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Jinjiang, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê-siūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hê-siūnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hesviu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/
    • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hêr-siūnn
    • IPA (Kinmen): /hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siōⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huê-siōnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoesvioi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/
    • IPA (Tainan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Yilan, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huê-siūnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviu
    • IPA (Yilan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Lukang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siǔⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hêr-siǔnn
    • IPA (Lukang): /hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siāuⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huê-siāunn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviau
    • IPA (Penang): /hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huê⁵ siên⁷ / huê⁵ sion⁷ / hua⁵ siang⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huê siēⁿ / huê siōⁿ / huâ siăng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/, /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/, /hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

Note:

• huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
• hua5 siang6 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶wu-zaon
    • MiniDict: wu^去 zaon
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhu-zaan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ho² shan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /xo¹³ ʂan⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /xo¹³ san⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: hwa dzyangH

Rime
Character	和	尚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	戸戈切	時亮切
Baxter	hwa	dzyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuɑ/	/d͡ʑɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuɑ/	/d͡ʑiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɑ/	/d͡ʑiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwa/	/d͡ʑɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑiaŋH/
Wang Li	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huó	shàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wo4	soeng6

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 和尚

1. (Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk
2. (by extension) any Buddhist monk

Synonyms

• (more faithful transcription in Tang Dynasty) 鄔波馱耶／邬波驮耶
• (Buddhist monk): 僧 (sēng), 比丘 (bǐqiū), 僧人 (sēngrén)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (和尚):

• → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
• → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
• → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

Others:

• → Zhuang: hozsiengh

(deprecated template usage)

---

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
和	尚
お Grade: 3	しょう Grade: S
tōon

Alternative spelling
和尙 (kyūjitai)

Noun

和(お)尚(しょう) • (oshō) ^{←をしやう (wosyau)?}

1. (Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) Buddhist priest
   1. a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
   2. title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
   3. a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.

Synonyms

• (a Buddhist priest who is the head of the temple or in a higher rank): 住職(じゅうしょく) (jūshoku)
• (a title for Buddhist priests): 和(わ)上(じょう) (wajō), 和(わ)闍(じょう) (wajō)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
和	尚
か Grade: 3	しょう Grade: S
kan’on

Alternative spelling
和尙 (kyūjitai)

Noun

和(か)尚(しょう) • (kashō) ^{←くわしやう (kwasyau)?}

1. (Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
和	尚
わ Grade: 3	しょう > じょう Grade: S
goon

Alternative spelling
和尙 (kyūjitai)

Noun

和(わ)尚(じょう) • (wajō) ^{←わじやう (wazyau)?}

1. (Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

---

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
和	尚

Noun

和尚

1. Template:han tu form of