学ぶ
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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学 |
まな Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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學ぶ (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
[edit]From 真似 (mana, “imitating, copying”) + ぶ (-bu, “to seem like, to act like”, verb-forming suffix). Cognate with 学ぶ (manebu).[1][2][3][4][5]
The initial mana might be a phonetic shift from mane, itself the continuative or stem nominal form of classical verb 真似 (manu, “to imitate, to copy”), from 真 (ma-, “true, real”) + 似 (nu, “copy, imitate”, lower bigrade conjugation; not attested in isolation).
First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2]
The ぶ (-bu) suffix usually conjugated with the upper bigrade pattern (上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō)), and manabu conjugated this way until the early Heian period (early 800s). Starting from the mid-Heian (roughly the 900s or 1000s), manabu shifted to conjugate using the classical yodan pattern, the precursor to the modern godan conjugation (五段活用 (godan katsuyō)).[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) まなぶ [mànábú] (Heiban – [0])[4][5][6]
- (Tokyo) まなぶ [mànáꜜbù] (Nakadaka – [2])[4]
- IPA(key): [ma̠na̠bɯ̟]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「学ぶ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
学ぶ | まなぶ | [mànábú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 学べ | まなべ | [mànábé] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 学ばれる | まなばれる | [mànábárérú] |
Causative | 学ばせる | まなばせる | [mànábásérú] |
Potential | 学べる | まなべる | [mànábérú] |
Volitional | 学ぼう | まなぼー | [mànábóꜜò] |
Negative | 学ばない | まなばない | [mànábánáí] |
Negative perfective | 学ばなかった | まなばなかった | [mànábánáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 学びます | まなびます | [mànábímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 学んだ | まなんだ | [mànáńdá] |
Conjunctive | 学んで | まなんで | [mànáńdé] |
Hypothetical conditional | 学べば | まなべば | [mànábéꜜbà] |
Verb
[edit]学ぶ • (manabu) godan (stem 学び (manabi), past 学んだ (mananda))
- [from 720] to study
- [from early 1000s] to learn (by being taught)
- 1999, 2000, Front Mission 3, Square
- 人類は何も学ばない
- jinrui wa nanimo manabanai
- Human never learns
- 人類は何も学ばない
- 1999, 2000, Front Mission 3, Square
- [from late 900s] to learn (by imitating someone or something)
Conjugation
[edit]Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 学ば | まなば | manaba |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 学び | まなび | manabi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 学ぶ | まなぶ | manabu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 学ぶ | まなぶ | manabu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 学べ | まなべ | manabe |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 学べ | まなべ | manabe |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 学ばれる | まなばれる | manabareru |
Causative | 学ばせる 学ばす |
まなばせる まなばす |
manabaseru manabasu |
Potential | 学べる | まなべる | manaberu |
Volitional | 学ぼう | まなぼう | manabō |
Negative | 学ばない | まなばない | manabanai |
Negative continuative | 学ばず | まなばず | manabazu |
Formal | 学びます | まなびます | manabimasu |
Perfective | 学んだ | まなんだ | mananda |
Conjunctive | 学んで | まなんで | manande |
Hypothetical conditional | 学べば | まなべば | manabeba |
Middle Japanese until the early Heian period(early 800s):
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 学び | まなび | manabi |
Continuative (連用形) | 学び | まなび | manabi |
Terminal (終止形) | 学ぶ | まなぶ | manabu |
Attributive (連体形) | 学ぶる | まなぶる | manaburu |
Realis (已然形) | 学ぶれ | まなぶれ | manabure |
Imperative (命令形) | 学びよ | まなびよ | manabiyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 学びず | まなびず | manabizu |
Contrasting conjunction | 学ぶれど | まなぶれど | manaburedo |
Causal conjunction | 学ぶれば | まなぶれば | manabureba |
Conditional conjunction | 学びば | まなびば | manabiba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 学びき | まなびき | manabiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 学びけり | まなびけり | manabikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 学びつ | まなびつ | manabitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 学びぬ | まなびぬ | manabinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 学びたり | まなびたり | manabitari |
Volitional | 学びむ | まなびむ | manabimu |
Middle Japanese since the mid-Heian period (roughly the 900s or 1000s):
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 学ば | まなば | manaba |
Continuative (連用形) | 学び | まなび | manabi |
Terminal (終止形) | 学ぶ | まなぶ | manabu |
Attributive (連体形) | 学ぶ | まなぶ | manabu |
Realis (已然形) | 学べ | まなべ | manabe |
Imperative (命令形) | 学べ | まなべ | manabe |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 学ばず | まなばず | manabazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 学べど | まなべど | manabedo |
Causal conjunction | 学べば | まなべば | manabeba |
Conditional conjunction | 学ばば | まなばば | manababa |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 学びき | まなびき | manabiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 学びけり | まなびけり | manabikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 学びつ | まなびつ | manabitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 学びぬ | まなびぬ | manabinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 学べり 学びたり |
まなべり まなびたり |
manaberi manabitari |
Volitional | 学ばむ | まなばむ | manabamu |
Synonyms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 “学”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ “学ぶ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- Japanese terms spelled with 学 read as まな
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