学ぶ

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
学
まな
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
學ぶ (kyūjitai)

Etymology

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From 真似(まな) (mana, “imitating, copying”) + ぶ (-bu, “to seem like, to act like”, verb-forming suffix). Cognate with 学ぶ (manebu).[1][2][3][4][5]

The initial mana might be a phonetic shift from mane, itself the continuative or stem nominal form of classical verb 真似 (manu, “to imitate, to copy”), from 真 (ma-, “true, real”) + 似 (nu, “copy, imitate”, lower bigrade conjugation; not attested in isolation).

First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2]

The ぶ (-bu) suffix usually conjugated with the upper bigrade pattern (上(かみ)二(に)段活用(だんかつよう) (kami nidan katsuyō)), and manabu conjugated this way until the early Heian period (early 800s). Starting from the mid-Heian (roughly the 900s or 1000s), manabu shifted to conjugate using the classical yodan pattern, the precursor to the modern godan conjugation (五段活用(ごだんかつよう) (godan katsuyō)).[2]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「学ぶ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		学ぶ まなぶ [mànábú]
Imperative (命令形) 学べ まなべ [mànábé]
Key constructions
Passive 学ばれる まなばれる [mànábárérú]
Causative 学ばせる まなばせる [mànábásérú]
Potential 学べる まなべる [mànábérú]
Volitional 学ぼう まなぼー [mànábóꜜò]
Negative 学ばない まなばない [mànábánáí]
Negative perfective 学ばなかった まなばなかった [mànábánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 学びます まなびます [mànábímáꜜsù]
Perfective 学んだ まなんだ [mànáńdá]
Conjunctive 学んで まなんで [mànáńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 学べば まなべば [mànábéꜜbà]

Verb

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学(まな)ぶ • (manabu) godan (stem 学(まな)び (manabi), past 学(まな)んだ (mananda))

  1. [from 720] to study
    地図(ちず)は私(わたし)たちが地理学(ちりがく)を学(まな)ぶ助(たす)けになる
    chizu wa watashitachi ga chirigaku o manabu tasuke ni naru
    A map helps us study geography
  2. [from early 1000s] to learn (by being taught)
    私(わたし)たちは英語(えいご)の読(よ)み方(かた)を学(まな)びました
    watashitachi wa eigo no yomikata o manabimashita
    We learned how to read English
    • 1999, 2000, Front Mission 3, Square
      人類(じんるい)は何(なに)も学(まな)ばない
      jinrui wa nanimo manabanai
      Human never learns
  3. [from late 900s] to learn (by imitating someone or something)

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "学ぶ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 学ば まなば manaba
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 学び まなび manabi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 学べ まなべ manabe
Meireikei ("imperative") 学べ まなべ manabe
Key constructions
Passive 学ばれる まなばれる manabareru
Causative 学ばせる
学ばす 		まなばせる
まなばす 		manabaseru
manabasu
Potential 学べる まなべる manaberu
Volitional 学ぼう まなぼう manabō
Negative 学ばない まなばない manabanai
Negative continuative 学ばず まなばず manabazu
Formal 学びます まなびます manabimasu
Perfective 学んだ まなんだ mananda
Conjunctive 学んで まなんで manande
Hypothetical conditional 学べば まなべば manabeba

Middle Japanese until the early Heian period(early 800s):

Classical conjugation of "学ぶ" (バ行上二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 学び まなび manabi
Continuative (連用形) 学び まなび manabi
Terminal (終止形) 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Attributive (連体形) 学ぶる まなぶる manaburu
Realis (已然形) 学ぶれ まなぶれ manabure
Imperative (命令形) 学びよ まなびよ manabiyo
Key constructions
Negative 学びず まなびず manabizu
Contrasting conjunction 学ぶれど まなぶれど manaburedo
Causal conjunction 学ぶれば まなぶれば manabureba
Conditional conjunction 学びば まなびば manabiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 学びき まなびき manabiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 学びけり まなびけり manabikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 学びつ まなびつ manabitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 学びぬ まなびぬ manabinu
Perfect-continuative tense 学びたり まなびたり manabitari
Volitional 学びむ まなびむ manabimu

Middle Japanese since the mid-Heian period (roughly the 900s or 1000s):

Classical conjugation of "学ぶ" (バ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 学ば まなば manaba
Continuative (連用形) 学び まなび manabi
Terminal (終止形) 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Attributive (連体形) 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Realis (已然形) 学べ まなべ manabe
Imperative (命令形) 学べ まなべ manabe
Key constructions
Negative 学ばず まなばず manabazu
Contrasting conjunction 学べど まなべど manabedo
Causal conjunction 学べば まなべば manabeba
Conditional conjunction 学ばば まなばば manababa
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 学びき まなびき manabiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 学びけり まなびけり manabikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 学びつ まなびつ manabitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 学びぬ まなびぬ manabinu
Perfect-continuative tense 学べり
学びたり		 まなべり
まなびたり		 manaberi
manabitari
Volitional 学ばむ まなばむ manabamu

Synonyms

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 “学”, in 日本国語大辞典‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ “学ぶ”, in デジタル大辞泉‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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