決める

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
決
き
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative forms

Etymology

Derived as the transitive form of (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese verb 決む (kimu, “to decide something, to conclude something; to be decided, to be concluded”).[1][2][3]

The source verb kimu appears to follow a common pattern in (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese verbs where the bare form is either transitive or intransitive, depending on context. This pattern persists in some modern verbs, such as つく (tsuku). Many of these (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese verbs developed explicit transitive and intransitive forms, with one group adopting an -aru on the end for the intransitive (as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) ending in -a + the conjugating る (ru) as the basic spontaneous or passive verb ending), and an -eru on the end for the transitive (as the 已然形 (izenkei, “realis or potential form”) + the disappearing る (ru) as a generic verb ending).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「決める」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		決める きめる [kìmérú]
Imperative (命令形) 決めろ きめろ [kìméró]
Key constructions
Passive 決められる きめられる [kìmérárérú]
Causative 決めさせる きめさせる [kìmésásérú]
Potential 決められる きめられる [kìmérárérú]
Volitional 決めよう きめよー [kìméyóꜜò]
Negative 決めない きめない [kìménáí]
Negative perfective 決めなかった きめなかった [kìménáꜜkàttà]
Formal 決めます きめます [kìmémáꜜsù]
Perfective 決めた きめた [kìmétá]
Conjunctive 決めて きめて [kìmété]
Hypothetical conditional 決めれば きめれば [kìméréꜜbà]

Verb

決(き)める • (kimeru) transitive ichidan (stem 決(き)め (kime), past 決(き)めた (kimeta))

Japanese verb pair
active 決める
mediopassive 決まる
  1. to make a choice between multiple alternatives, to decide
    日(に)時(ちじ)を決(き)める
    nichiji o kimeru
    to choose a time
    This verb also has many idiomatic shades of meaning based on the underlying sense of decide:
    1. to decide to do something: to do something on purpose
      横(おう)着(ちゃく)を決(き)める
      ōchaku o kimeru
      to decide to shirk → to shirk intentionally
    2. to perform a maneuver, to carry out a tactical action
      スクイズを決(き)めた
      sukuizu o kimeta
      We've decided on the squeeze → The squeeze play is on.
    3. to decide on an opinion: to believe in an opinion firmly
      彼(かれ)を犯(はん)人(にん)と決(き)めてかかる
      kare o hannin to kimete kakaru
      I know he was the murderer from the very beginning
    4. to decide on a common course of action: to be accustomed to do, to do habitually
      朝(ちょう)食(しょく)はパンに決(き)めている
      chōshoku wa pan ni kimete iru
      I always eat bread for breakfast
      This usage takes the particle に (ni), and usually uses the -ている (-te iru) progressive form.
    5. to make an impressive or attractive physical appearance, usually by grooming oneself or making some unusual gestures
      黒(くろ)い背広(せびろ)と紺色(こんいろ)のシャツで決(き)める
      kuroi sebiro to kon'iro no shatsu de kimeru
      to decide on one's appearance with a black suit and indigo shirt → to be set or look sharp in a black suit and indigo shirt
    6. (derogatory) to decide to eat or use something: to eat, to intake, to consume
      シャブをキメる
      shabu o kimeru
      to use addictive drugs

Conjugation

Conjugation of "決める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 決め きめ kime
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 決め きめ kime
Shūshikei ("terminal") 決める きめる kimeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 決める きめる kimeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 決めれ きめれ kimere
Meireikei ("imperative") 決めよ¹
決めろ² 		きめよ¹
きめろ² 		kimeyo¹
kimero²
Key constructions
Passive 決められる きめられる kimerareru
Causative 決めさせる
決めさす 		きめさせる
きめさす 		kimesaseru
kimesasu
Potential 決められる
決めれる³ 		きめられる
きめれる³ 		kimerareru
kimereru³
Volitional 決めよう きめよう kimeyō
Negative 決めない
決めぬ
決めん 		きめない
きめぬ
きめん 		kimenai
kimenu
kimen
Negative continuative 決めず きめず kimezu
Formal 決めます きめます kimemasu
Perfective 決めた きめた kimeta
Conjunctive 決めて きめて kimete
Hypothetical conditional 決めれば きめれば kimereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Classical conjugation of "決む" (マ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 決め きめ kime
Continuative (連用形) 決め きめ kime
Terminal (終止形) 決む きむ kimu
Attributive (連体形) 決むる きむる kimuru
Realis (已然形) 決むれ きむれ kimure
Imperative (命令形) 決めよ きめよ kimeyo
Key constructions
Negative 決めず きめず kimezu
Contrasting conjunction 決むれど きむれど kimuredo
Causal conjunction 決むれば きむれば kimureba
Conditional conjunction 決めば きめば kimeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 決めき きめき kimeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 決めけり きめけり kimekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 決めつ きめつ kimetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 決めぬ きめぬ kimenu
Perfect-continuative tense 決めたり きめたり kimetari
Volitional 決めむ きめむ kimemu

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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