苦い
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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苦 |
にが Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *ninka; cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *niga.
First cited to a text from 858.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「苦い」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Continuative (連用形) | 苦く | にがく にがく |
[níꜜgàkù] [nìgáꜜkù] |
Terminal (終止形) | 苦い | にがい | [nìgáꜜì] |
Attributive (連体形) | 苦い | にがい | [nìgáꜜì] |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 苦くない | にがくない にがくない |
[níꜜgàkùnàì] [nìgáꜜkùnàì] |
Informal past | 苦かった | にがかった にがかった |
[níꜜgàkàttà] [nìgáꜜkàttà] |
Informal negative past | 苦くなかった | にがくなかった にがくなかった |
[níꜜgàkùnàkàttà] [nìgáꜜkùnàkàttà] |
Formal | 苦いです | にがいです | [nìgáꜜìdèsù] |
Conjunctive | 苦くて | にがくて にがくて |
[níꜜgàkùtè] [nìgáꜜkùtè] |
Conditional | 苦ければ | にがければ にがければ |
[níꜜgàkèrèbà] [nìgáꜜkèrèbà] |
Adjective
[edit]苦い • (nigai) -i (adverbial 苦く (nigaku))
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of 苦い
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 苦かろ | にがかろ | nigakaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 苦く | にがく | nigaku |
Terminal (終止形) | 苦い | にがい | nigai |
Attributive (連体形) | 苦い | にがい | nigai |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 苦けれ | にがけれ | nigakere |
Imperative (命令形) | 苦かれ | にがかれ | nigakare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 苦くない | にがくない | nigaku nai |
Informal past | 苦かった | にがかった | nigakatta |
Informal negative past | 苦くなかった | にがくなかった | nigaku nakatta |
Formal | 苦いです | にがいです | nigai desu |
Formal negative | 苦くないです | にがくないです | nigaku nai desu |
Formal past | 苦かったです | にがかったです | nigakatta desu |
Formal negative past | 苦くなかったです | にがくなかったです | nigaku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 苦くて | にがくて | nigakute |
Conditional | 苦ければ | にがければ | nigakereba |
Provisional | 苦かったら | にがかったら | nigakattara |
Volitional | 苦かろう | にがかろう | nigakarō |
Adverbial | 苦く | にがく | nigaku |
Degree | 苦さ | にがさ | nigasa |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 苦く[1] 苦から[2] |
にがく にがから |
nigaku nigakara | |
Continuative (連用形) | 苦く[1] 苦かり[2] |
にがく にがかり |
nigaku nigakari | |
Terminal (終止形) | 苦し | にがし | nigasi | |
Attributive (連体形) | 苦き 苦かる |
にがき にがかる |
nigaki nigakaru | |
Realis (已然形) | 苦けれ | にがけれ | nigakere | |
Imperative (命令形) | 苦かれ | にがかれ | nigakare | |
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | 苦からず | にがからず | nigakarazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | 苦けれど | にがけれど | nigakeredo | |
Causal conjunction | 苦ければ | にがければ | nigakereba | |
Conditional conjunction | 苦くば | にがくば | nigakuba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 苦かりき | にがかりき | nigakariki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 苦かりけり | にがかりけり | nigakarikeri | |
Adverbial | 苦く | にがく | nigaku | |
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Antonyms
[edit]- 甘い (amai, “sweet”)
Related terms
[edit]- にがり (nigari)
See also
[edit]- 渋い (shibui)
Basic tastes in Japanese · 味覚 (mikaku) (layout · text) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
甘い (amai) | 酸っぱい (suppai) | 塩っぱい (shoppai) | 苦い (nigai) | 辛い (karai) | 旨味 (umami) |
References
[edit]- ^ “苦”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 苦 read as にが
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese い-i adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples