非ず: difference between revisions

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→‎Japanese: Some expansion, probably flawed in implementation.
→‎Japanese: +alt spellings +etym details +refs +defdates +sense +formatting -rfv-sense +labels +sort
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==Japanese==
==Japanese==
{{ja-kanjitab|あら}}
{{ja-kanjitab|あら|alt=あらず,有らず,在らず}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=あらず|-}}. As a basic verb form, attested in ancient sources such as the ''{{w|Man'yōshū}}'' of 759.
Compound of the irrealis of {{inh|ja|ojp|あり}} and auxiliary negator [[ず]], resulting in the negative conjugation.

The interjection senses appear later in the historical record, with the {{m|en|[[no]], [[wrong]]}} sense attested from around the late 800s in the ''{{w|Kokin Wakashū}}'' as a shortening of the phrase {{m|ja|[[さ]][[に]][[は]]あらず|tr=sa ni wa arazu|lit=it's not like that}},<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> and the {{m|en|never mind}} sense attested from roughly the late 900s as recorded in ''{{w|The Pillow Book}}''.<ref name="KDJ"/>

Derived from the [[copula]] {{ja-r|あり}} as the regular negative form, from the {{m|ja|未然形|tr=mizenkei||irrealis conjugation}} of ''ara-'' + negative auxiliary suffix {{ja-r|ず}}.

The use of the kanji {{m|ja|非}} is an example of {{ja-jukujikun}}, from {{der|ja|zh|sort=あらず|非||not be, is not}}.


===Alternative forms===
===Alternative forms===
* {{qualifier|compounded}} {{ja-r|ならず|ならず}}
* {{qualifier|compounded, contraction of {{ja-r|に}} + {{ja-r|あらず}}}} {{ja-r|ならず|ならず}}


===Verb===
===Verb===
{{ja-verb form|あらず}}
{{ja-verb form|あらず}}


# {{lb|ja|classical|or|literary}} {{n-g|negative of {{m|ja|なり}}}}
# {{defdate|from 700s}} {{lb|ja|sort=あらず|classical|or|literary}} {{n-g|negative of {{m|ja|あり}}}}
#* '''1888''', {{w2|ja|森鷗外}}{{w2|ja|pref=『|s:ja:獨逸日記|獨逸日記|suf=』}}
#* '''1888''', {{w2|ja|森鷗外}}{{w2|ja|pref=『|s:ja:獨逸日記|獨逸日記|suf=』}}
#*: {{ja-usex|[[味]]は[[甚だ]][[美]][[なる|なら]]ず。[[然れども]][[必ずしも]][[厭嫌]]す[[可し|可き]]に'''非ず'''。|あじ は はなはだ び-ならず。しかれど-も かならずしも えんけん-す-べき に '''あらず'''。|The flavor is not very good. However, it is '''not''' necessarily [something] that should be detested.}}
#*: {{ja-usex|[[味]]は[[甚だ]][[美]][[なる|なら]]ず。[[然れども]][[必ずしも]][[厭嫌]]す[[可し|可き]]に'''非ず'''。|あじ は はなはだ び ならず。しかれども かならず しも えんけん すべき に '''あらず'''。|The flavor is not very good. However, it is '''not''' necessarily [something] that should be detested.}}
#* '''1922''', {{w2|ja|富井政章}}{{w2|ja|pref=『|s:ja:民法原論|民法原論|suf=』}}
#* '''1922''', {{w2|ja|富井政章}}{{w2|ja|pref=『|s:ja:民法原論|民法原論|suf=』}}
#*: {{ja-usex|[[負担]]と[[条件]]とを[[識別]]する[[こと]]は[[実際]]%[[困難]][[なる]][[場%合]][[なし|なき]]に'''非ず'''。|ふたんとでうけんとをしきべつすることはじつさい%こんなんなるば%あひなきに'''あらず'''。|rom=Futan to jōken to o shikibetsu-suru koto wa jissai konnan-naru baai naki ni '''arazu'''.|Distinguishing responsibility and conditions is, in reality, '''not''' without difficult cases.}}
#*: {{ja-usex|[[負担]]と[[条件]]とを[[識別]]する[[こと]]は[[実際]]%[[困難]][[なる]][[場%合]][[なし|なき]]に'''非ず'''。|ふたんとでうけんとをしきべつすることはじつさい%こんなんなるば%あひなきに'''あらず'''。|rom=Futan to jōken to o shikibetsu suru koto wa jissai konnan naru baai naki ni '''arazu'''.|Distinguishing responsibility and conditions is, in reality, '''not''' without difficult cases.}}


====Usage notes====
====Usage notes====
* This sense always follows the copular {{ja-r|に-}}.
* This sense always follows the copular {{ja-r|に-}}.

====See also====
====See also====
* {{ja-r|で は ない}}
* {{ja-r|で は ない}}
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===Interjection===
===Interjection===
{{ja-pos|interjection|あらず}}
{{ja-pos|interjection|あらず}}

{{rfv-sense|ja}}
# {{defdate|from late 800s}} {{lb|ja|sort=あらず|archaic|possibly|_|obsolete}} [[no]], [[wrong]]
# [[never mind]]
# {{defdate|from late 900s}} {{lb|ja|sort=あらず|archaic|possibly|_|obsolete}} [[never mind]]

===References===
<references/>

Revision as of 21:57, 5 November 2021

Japanese

Kanji in this term
非
あら
Grade: 5
Alternative spellings
あらず
有らず
在らず

Etymology

From Old Japanese. As a basic verb form, attested in ancient sources such as the Man'yōshū of 759.

The interjection senses appear later in the historical record, with the no, wrong sense attested from around the late 800s in the Kokin Wakashū as a shortening of the phrase さにはあらず (sa ni wa arazu, literally “it's not like that”),[1] and the never mind sense attested from roughly the late 900s as recorded in The Pillow Book.[1]

Derived from the copula あり (ari) as the regular negative form, from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis conjugation”) of ara- + negative auxiliary suffix ず (zu).

The use of the kanji 非 is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 非 (fēi, “not be, is not”).

Alternative forms

Verb

非(あら)ず • (arazu) 

  1. [from 700s] (Classical Japanese or literary) negative of あり

Usage notes

  • This sense always follows the copular に (ni-).

See also

Interjection

非(あら)ず • (arazu) 

  1. [from late 800s] (archaic, possibly obsolete) no, wrong
  2. [from late 900s] (archaic, possibly obsolete) never mind

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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