arduous

English

Etymology

From Latin arduus (“lofty, high, steep, hard to reach, difficult, laborious”), akin to Irish ard (“high”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑːdjuːəs/, /ˈɑːd͡ʒuːəs/
• IPA^(key): /ˈɑːɹd͡ʒuəs/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

Adjective

arduous (comparative more arduous, superlative most arduous)

1. Needing or using up much energy; testing powers of endurance.

   The movement towards a peaceful settlement has been a long and arduous political struggle.

   • 2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport‎^[1]:

     Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:arduous.
2. (obsolete) burning; ardent
   • 1805-1814, Dante, Henry Francis Cary (translator), The Divine Comedy

     Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.

3. Difficult or exhausting to traverse.
   • 1974, Sue Bowder, The American biking atlas & touring guide, page 77:

     Beyond the river, an arduous slope rises 3286 feet in 13 miles.

   • 1999, Scott Ciencin, Mike Fredericks, Dinoverse:

     Mike looked up from the arduous mountain trail. They'd been climbing for five hours and he was beginning to feel irritable.

   • 2006, Jack W. Plunkett, Plunkett's Entertainment & Media Industry Almanac 2006:

     Survivor reaches as many as 28 million viewers who watch contestants win a new Pontiac or guzzle Mountain Dew after scaling an arduous cliff.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:arduous.

Synonyms

• burdensome, demanding, exhausting, fatiguing, laborious, onerous, strenuous, strugglesome, wearisome

Derived terms

• arduousness

Related terms

• arduity

Translations

needing or using up much energy

• Arabic: شَاق (šāq)
• Bulgarian: труден (bg) (truden), усилен (bg) (usilen), мъчен (bg) (mǎčen)
• Catalan: ardu (ca)
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 艱苦／艰苦 (gaan¹ fu²), 艱巨／艰巨 (gaan¹ geoi⁶)

  Mandarin: 艱苦／艰苦 (zh) (jiānkǔ), 艰苦 (zh) (jiānkǔ), 艱巨／艰巨 (zh) (jiānjù)

• Dutch: uitputtend (nl), zwaar (nl), moeizaam (nl)
• Finnish: vaivalloinen (fi), työläs (fi), uuvuttava (fi), rasittava (fi), ankara (fi)
• French: ardu (fr)
• German: mühsam (de), anstrengend (de), beschwerlich (de), erschöpfend (de)
• Hungarian: megerőltető (hu), fárasztó (hu), fáradságos (hu)
• Italian: arduo (it)
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Japanese: 苦しい (ja) (くるしい, kurushii), 難儀な (ja) (なんぎな, nangi-na)
• Korean: 고난의 (ko) (gonan-ui), 힘드는 (himdeuneun)
• Norwegian: slitsom, vanskelig (no)
• Polish: uciążliwy (pl), arcytrudny (pl)
• Portuguese: árduo (pt)
• Russian: напряжённый (ru) (naprjažónnyj), тру́дный (ru) (trúdnyj), тяжёлый (ru) (tjažólyj)
• Serbo-Croatian: mukotrpan (sh)
• Spanish: arduo (es), riguroso (es)
• Swedish: arbetsam (sv), besvärlig (sv), jobbig (sv), ansträngande (sv), avancerad (sv), krånglig (sv), svår (sv)
• Turkish: ağır (tr), çetin (tr), gayretli (tr), güç (tr), zor (tr)

hard to climb

• Bulgarian: стръмен (bg) (strǎmen), недостъпен (bg) (nedostǎpen)
• Catalan: ardu (ca)
• Dutch: uitputtend (nl), zwaar (nl), steil (nl), moeilijk te beklimmen
• Finnish: jyrkkä (fi), vaativa (fi)
• German: steil (de)
• Hungarian: meredek (hu)
• Italian: arduo (it)
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Norwegian: vanskelig (no)
• Portuguese: árduo (pt)
• Russian: круто́й (ru) (krutój), труднодосту́пный (ru) (trudnodostúpnyj)
• Spanish: arduo (es)
• Swedish: brant (sv), besvärlig (sv)
• Turkish: sarp (tr), çetin (tr)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Bengali: ^{(please verify)} শ্রমসাধ্য (sromośaddho)
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Ido: ^{(please verify)} des-facila (1), ^{(please verify)} abrupta (io) (2)

Further reading

• “arduous”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “arduous”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
• “arduous”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.