Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Particle[edit]

*ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

  1. Deictic particle, here
  2. Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Usage notes[edit]

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.

Although it does not have an exact equivalent in English, French and Arabic ها (-hā) are used in the same way.

Descendants[edit]

  • Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-

Derived terms[edit]

  • *ḱinh₂?
    • Proto-Celtic: *kina
      • Proto-Brythonic: *ken
        • Breton: ken (as, so)
      • Old Irish: cen (without)
  • *ḱíteros (contrastive form)
  • *ḱís (innovative i-stem pronoun)
  • *ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun)
Compounds

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284
  3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cēdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 103–104