Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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    Particle

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    *ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

    1. Deictic particle, here
    2. Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

    Usage notes

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    The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.

    Although it does not have an exact equivalent in English, French and Arabic ها (-hā) are used in the same way.

    Descendants

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    • Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-

    Derived terms

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    • *ḱinh₂?
      • Proto-Celtic: *kina
        • Proto-Brythonic: *ken
          • Breton: ken (as, so)
        • Old Irish: cen (without)
    • *ḱíteros (contrastive form)
    • *ḱís (innovative i-stem pronoun)
    • *ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun)
    Compounds

    References

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    1. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427:PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-
    2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284
    3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 103–104