Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/wahiR

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Noun

*wahiR

water (clear liquid H₂O)
Synonym: *danum

Descendants

Proto-Philippine: *wahiR
North Borneo
- Northeast Sabah
  - Bonggi: beig
- Southwest Sabah
  - Greater Dusunic
    - Central Dusun: waig
    - Coastal Kadazan: vaig
    - Rungus: vaig
Moklenic
- Moken: wiːn
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
- Batak
  - Angkola Batak: aek
  - Mandailing Batak: aek
  - Toba Batak: ᯀᯀᯩᯂ᯲ (aek)
- Gayo: wih
- Nias: w̃e
- Simeulue: oil
Lampungic
- Abung: way
- Komering: way
- Lampung Api: way
Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *wair
- Madurese: aèng
- Proto-Malayo-Chamic: *air
  - Proto-Chamic: *ʔiar
    - Acehnese: ië
    - Coastal Chamic:
      - Cham:
        Eastern Cham: ꨀꨳꨩ (aia)
        Western Cham: ايا (aia)
    - Highlands Chamic:
      - Chru-Northern Chamic:
        Chru: ia
        Northern Chamic:
        Northern Roglai: ia
        Tsat: ʔia³³
      - Jarai: ia
      - Rade: êa
  - Proto-Malayic: *air
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: ai
      - Mualang: aik
    - Kendayan: ai
    - Nuclear Malayic
      - Banjarese: air
      - Brunei Malay: aing
      - Central Malay: aiak
      - Kedah Malay: ayaq
      - Malay: air
        Ambonese Malay: aer
        Indonesian: air
      - Minangkabau: aia
      - Musi: ayo
      - Urak Lawoi': อาเย (ayë)
      - Pattani Malay: اٴير (air)
- Sundanese: ᮎᮄ (cai)
- Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa: *air
  - Balinese: yeh
  - Sasak-Sumbawa:
    - Sasak: aiq
Old Javanese: air, er, her, wway, wwe
Proto-South Sulawesi: *wai
- Buginese: waé
- Mandar: wai
- Tae': wai
Celebic
- Southeast Celebic
  - Kaili-Pamona
    - Bare'e: we
  - Muna-Buton
    - Cia-Cia: 에에 (e'e)
    - Muna: oe
  - Saluan-Banggai
    - Balantak: weer
Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *waiʀ
- Central Malayo-Polynesian
  - Central Maluku
    - Bobot: way
    - Masiwang: wai
  - Flores–Lembata
    - Lamaholot: wai
  - Kei–Tanimbar
    - North Bomberai
      - Onin: were
      - Uruangnirin: were
  - Sumba–Flores
    - Ende–Manggarai
      - Ende: ae
      - Palu'e: vae
      - Manggarai: waé
    - Sumba
      - Kambera: wai
      - Sabu: ei
  - Timor–Babar
    - Nauete: wai
    - Timoric
      - Leti: üèra
      - Tukudede: ee
      - Tetum: bee
      - Termanu: oe
      - Uab Meto: oe
    - Waima'a: wai
- Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *waiʀ
  - Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *waiʀ ~ wayaʀ
    - Mor (Austronesian): gwàjara (“river”)
    - Cenderawasih Bay:
      - Biakic:
        Biak: war, wār
        Roon: war
        Dusner: war
        Meoswar: war
      - Yapen:
        Eastern:
        Wabo: wai
    - Raja Ampat–South Halmahera:
      - Waigeo: we
      - Biga: wei
      - Maden: wey
      - As: wɛ
      - Maˈya-Matbat:
        Ma'ya:
        Ma'ya: ˈwaya³
        Kawe: ˈway[a]
        Legenyem: ˈway[a]
        Wauyai: ˈway[a]
      - South Halmahera:
        Gebe: wa
        Central-Eastern:
        Buli (Indonesia): wai, waya
        Patani: woyo
        Sawai: wɔɛ, wɔyɛ
        Southern:
        Gane: waya
        Taba: woya
  - Proto-Oceanic: *waiʀ
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Baluan-Pam: wei
      - Lou: wei
    - Southeast Solomonic
      - 'Are'are: wai
      - Arosi: wai
    - North–Central Vanuatu
      - Araki: ai
      - Big Nambas: ui
      - Raga: wai
      - Tangoa: wai
    - Temotu
      - Teanu: ero
      - Lovono: wire
    - New Caledonian
      - Haeke: we
      - Northern New Caledonian
        Extreme Northern New Caledonian
        Nyelâyu: we
        Yuanga: we
        Haveke: we
        North Northern New Caledonian
        Fwâi: we
        Hmwaveke: we
        Jawe: we
        Nemi: we
        Pije: we
    - Central Pacific
      - Fijian: wai
      - Rotuman: vại
      - Proto-Polynesian: *wai (see there for further descendants)

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*wahiR”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010–), “*wahiR”, in The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary