afligir

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin afflīgere, with normal change of conjugation to -ir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ə.fliˈʒi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [a.fliˈd͡ʒiɾ]

Verb

afligir (first-person singular present afligeixo, first-person singular preterite afligí, past participle afligit)

1. to afflict

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afligir (third conjugation, with -eix-)

infinitive			afligir
gerund			afligint
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		afligit		afligida
		plural		afligits		afligides
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	afligeixo	afligeixes	afligeix	afligim	afligiu	afligeixen
	imperfect	afligia	afligies	afligia	afligíem	afligíeu	afligien
	future	afligiré	afligiràs	afligirà	afligirem	afligireu	afligiran
	preterite	afligí	afligires	afligí	afligírem	afligíreu	afligiren
	conditional	afligiria	afligiries	afligiria	afligiríem	afligiríeu	afligirien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	afligeixi	afligeixis	afligeixi	afligim	afligiu	afligeixin
	imperfect	afligís	afligissis	afligís	afligíssim	afligíssiu	afligissin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	afligeix	afligeixi	afligim	afligiu	afligeixin
	negative (no)	—	no afligeixis	no afligeixi	no afligim	no afligiu	no afligeixin

Related terms

• aflicció

References

• “afligir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
• “afligir”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], 2007 April

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• affligir (pre-standardization spelling)

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin afflīgere.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fliˈʒi(ʁ)/ [a.fliˈʒi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fliˈʒi(ʁ)/ [a.fliˈʒi(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /a.fliˈʒi(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /a.fliˈʒi(ʁ)/ [a.fliˈʒi(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fliˈʒi(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fliˈʒiɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fliˈʒiɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fliˈʒi.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: a‧fli‧gir

Verb

afligir (first-person singular present aflijo, first-person singular preterite afligi, past participle afligido)

1. to harm (cause damage)

   Synonyms: ferir, fazer mal, machucar

2. (transitive) afflict (to cause pain to)

   Synonym: atribular

   • 1938, Graciliano Ramos, “Festa [Celebration]”, in Vidas Seccas [Barren Lives], Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José Olympio Editora, page 113:

     Ergueu-se nas pontas dos pés, mas isto lhe arrancou um grunhido: os calcanhares esfolados começavam a affligil-o.

     He stood on the tips of his toes, but this made him groan: his skinned heels were starting to afflict him.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afligir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afligir
Personal	afligir	afligires	afligir	afligirmos	afligirdes	afligirem
Gerund
	afligindo
Past participle
Masculine	afligido			afligidos
Feminine	afligida			afligidas
Indicative
Present	aflijo	afliges	aflige	afligimos	afligis	afligem
Imperfect	afligia	afligias	afligia	afligíamos	afligíeis	afligiam
Preterite	afligi	afligiste	afligiu	afligimos	afligistes	afligiram
Pluperfect	afligira	afligiras	afligira	afligíramos	afligíreis	afligiram
Future	afligirei	afligirás	afligirá	afligiremos	afligireis	afligirão
Conditional	afligiria	afligirias	afligiria	afligiríamos	afligiríeis	afligiriam
Subjunctive
Present	aflija	aflijas	aflija	aflijamos	aflijais	aflijam
Imperfect	afligisse	afligisses	afligisse	afligíssemos	afligísseis	afligissem
Future	afligir	afligires	afligir	afligirmos	afligirdes	afligirem
Imperative
Affirmative		aflige	aflija	aflijamos	afligi	aflijam
Negative (não)		não aflijas	não aflija	não aflijamos	não aflijais	não aflijam

Related terms

• aflição
• aflitivo
• aflito

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin afflīgere.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /afliˈxiɾ/ [a.fliˈxiɾ]

• Audio (Venezuela):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: a‧fli‧gir

Verb

afligir (first-person singular present aflijo, first-person singular preterite afligí, past participle afligido)

1. to afflict

   Synonym: atribular

   • 1835, Carlos María de Bustamante, Mañanas de la Alameda de México‎^[1]:

     ¿Qué te aflije, pues, Señor?.... diviértete, alegra, y disipa tus males....

     What afflicts you then, sir? Be happy, and dispel your ills.

   • 1875, Wilkie Collins, translated by Cristina Graell, 1997, La ley y la dama‎^[2]:

     ¡Maldita sea, coja el bastón! No le aflija. Azóteme en la espalda. ¡Golpéeme!

     Damn it, take the stick! Don't let it afflict you. Whip me in the back. Hit me!

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afligir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			afligir
gerund			afligiendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		afligido		afligida
		plural		afligidos		afligidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	aflijo	afligestú afligísvos	aflige	afligimos	afligís	afligen
	imperfect	afligía	afligías	afligía	afligíamos	afligíais	afligían
	preterite	afligí	afligiste	afligió	afligimos	afligisteis	afligieron
	future	afligiré	afligirás	afligirá	afligiremos	afligiréis	afligirán
	conditional	afligiría	afligirías	afligiría	afligiríamos	afligiríais	afligirían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	aflija	aflijastú aflijásvos2	aflija	aflijamos	aflijáis	aflijan
	imperfect (ra)	afligiera	afligieras	afligiera	afligiéramos	afligierais	afligieran
	imperfect (se)	afligiese	afligieses	afligiese	afligiésemos	afligieseis	afligiesen
	future1	afligiere	afligieres	afligiere	afligiéremos	afligiereis	afligieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		afligetú afligívos	aflija	aflijamos	afligid	aflijan
	negative		no aflijas	no aflija	no aflijamos	no aflijáis	no aflijan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of afligir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive afligir	dative	afligirme	afligirte	afligirle, afligirse	afligirnos	afligiros	afligirles, afligirse
	accusative	afligirme	afligirte	afligirlo, afligirla, afligirse	afligirnos	afligiros	afligirlos, afligirlas, afligirse
with gerund afligiendo	dative	afligiéndome	afligiéndote	afligiéndole, afligiéndose	afligiéndonos	afligiéndoos	afligiéndoles, afligiéndose
	accusative	afligiéndome	afligiéndote	afligiéndolo, afligiéndola, afligiéndose	afligiéndonos	afligiéndoos	afligiéndolos, afligiéndolas, afligiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative aflige	dative	aflígeme	aflígete	aflígele	aflígenos	not used	aflígeles
	accusative	aflígeme	aflígete	aflígelo, aflígela	aflígenos	not used	aflígelos, aflígelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative afligí	dative	afligime	afligite	afligile	afliginos	not used	afligiles
	accusative	afligime	afligite	afligilo, afligila	afliginos	not used	afligilos, afligilas
with formal second-person singular imperative aflija	dative	aflíjame	not used	aflíjale, aflíjase	aflíjanos	not used	aflíjales
	accusative	aflíjame	not used	aflíjalo, aflíjala, aflíjase	aflíjanos	not used	aflíjalos, aflíjalas
with first-person plural imperative aflijamos	dative	not used	aflijámoste	aflijámosle	aflijámonos	aflijámoos	aflijámosles
	accusative	not used	aflijámoste	aflijámoslo, aflijámosla	aflijámonos	aflijámoos	aflijámoslos, aflijámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative afligid	dative	afligidme	not used	afligidle	afligidnos	afligíos	afligidles
	accusative	afligidme	not used	afligidlo, afligidla	afligidnos	afligíos	afligidlos, afligidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative aflijan	dative	aflíjanme	not used	aflíjanle	aflíjannos	not used	aflíjanles, aflíjanse
	accusative	aflíjanme	not used	aflíjanlo, aflíjanla	aflíjannos	not used	aflíjanlos, aflíjanlas, aflíjanse

Derived terms

• afligente
• afligimiento

Related terms

• aflicción
• aflictivo
• afligirse

References

• Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1984) “afligir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 65

Further reading

• “afligir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10