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luoda

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Finnish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *loodak (compare Estonian looma),[1] from Proto-Uralic *loŋe- (“to throw, push away”) (compare Lule Sami lågŋot, Eastern Mari лоҥаш (loŋaš) and possibly Erzya лиемс (lijems, “to prepare yarn for weaving”)).[2]

Semantic development
  • (to throw): Original sense found already in Proto-Uralic. This broader sense is now archaic.
  • (to shovel): Narrower sense of “to throw”, which is still common in modern Finnish and probably developed already in Proto-Finnic or earlier.
  • (to shed, moult): From “to throw”, as in to 'throw' one's skin.
  • (to give birth prematurely (of animals)): From “to throw”. Compare also German werfen.
  • (to warp): Found throughout Finnic, so very likely already in Proto-Finnic. Especially in older looms, warping is done by winding the thread around a pair of sticks or bars; such a motion could have been likened to 'throwing' or 'casting' the thread. However, note that the same connection between warping and throwing also exists in Germanic (Proto-Germanic *warpą (“warp”) < *werpaną (“to throw, cast”)). This Germanic connection is usually explained by the fact that the weft or woof is 'thrown' across the warp.
  • (to cast, shed): From “to throw”, at least in part by semantic influence from other languages (compare e.g. German einen Blick werfen (“to take a look”, literally “to throw/cast a look”) ~ Finnish luoda katseensa (“to cast one's eyes”, literally “to throw/cast one's look”)[2], but also Swedish kasta, which likewise has both meanings).
  • (to create): NSES simply calls this 'figurative'.[2] This sense likely originated in religious usage (in reference to divine, supernatural creation out of nothing), and while it is found also in most of the other Finnic languages, it cannot be considered certain that it existed in Proto-Finnic (as it could have spread later through diffusion). While it likely did ultimately develop from “to throw”, the exact development remains understudied. It can perhaps be analyzed via the senses “to cast, shed” (insofar as e.g. a shadow is created by being cast) or “to shed, moult” (insofar as an animal 'creates' hair, antlers, etc. by shedding or moulting).
  • (to begin, start): Presumably from “to throw”; to 'throw' oneself into an action, or via “to warp” in reference to 'setting up'; warping is the first stage in weaving.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈluo̯dɑˣ/, [ˈluo̞̯dɑ̝(ʔ)]
  • Rhymes: -uodɑ
  • Syllabification(key): luo‧da
  • Hyphenation(key): luo‧da

Verb

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luoda (transitive)

  1. to create (bring into existence out of nothing)
  2. to create, make (produce out of something else; devise art, etc.)
  3. to shovel (move with a shovel)
    Synonym: lapioida
    luoda lunta ― to shovel snow
  4. to shed, cast (radiate, give off light, set one's eyes, etc.)
    luoda katseensa (+ illative) ― to set eyes on, to cast one's eyes on
    Lamppu luo sinistä valoa.
    The lamp sheds blue light.
  5. to shed, moult/molt, exuviate, slough (cast off a covering, especially a skin) (usually with an object to distinguish from other meanings)
    Käärme alkoi luoda nahkaansa.
    The snake began to moult.
    Kun hummeri kasvaa, se luo kuorensa.
    As it grows, a lobster will exuviate.
  6. (of animals) to give birth prematurely (usually with an object to distinguish from other meanings)
    tamma loi varsan ― the mare foaled prematurely
  7. (weaving) to warp (arrange so that they run lengthwise in weaving)
  8. (archaic) to throw, cast
    Synonym: heittää
  9. (archaic) to begin, start to [with illative of third infinitive ‘to do’]

Conjugation

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Inflection of luoda (Kotus type 64/juoda, no gradation)
indicative mood
present tense perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. luon en luo 1st sing. olen luonut en ole luonut
2nd sing. luot et luo 2nd sing. olet luonut et ole luonut
3rd sing. luo ei luo 3rd sing. on luonut ei ole luonut
1st plur. luomme emme luo 1st plur. olemme luoneet emme ole luoneet
2nd plur. luotte ette luo 2nd plur. olette luoneet ette ole luoneet
3rd plur. luovat eivät luo 3rd plur. ovat luoneet eivät ole luoneet
passive luodaan ei luoda passive on luotu ei ole luotu
past tense pluperfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. loin en luonut 1st sing. olin luonut en ollut luonut
2nd sing. loit et luonut 2nd sing. olit luonut et ollut luonut
3rd sing. loi ei luonut 3rd sing. oli luonut ei ollut luonut
1st plur. loimme emme luoneet 1st plur. olimme luoneet emme olleet luoneet
2nd plur. loitte ette luoneet 2nd plur. olitte luoneet ette olleet luoneet
3rd plur. loivat eivät luoneet 3rd plur. olivat luoneet eivät olleet luoneet
passive luotiin ei luotu passive oli luotu ei ollut luotu
conditional mood
present perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. loisin en loisi 1st sing. olisin luonut en olisi luonut
2nd sing. loisit et loisi 2nd sing. olisit luonut et olisi luonut
3rd sing. loisi ei loisi 3rd sing. olisi luonut ei olisi luonut
1st plur. loisimme emme loisi 1st plur. olisimme luoneet emme olisi luoneet
2nd plur. loisitte ette loisi 2nd plur. olisitte luoneet ette olisi luoneet
3rd plur. loisivat eivät loisi 3rd plur. olisivat luoneet eivät olisi luoneet
passive luotaisiin ei luotaisi passive olisi luotu ei olisi luotu
imperative mood
present perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. — — 1st sing. — —
2nd sing. luo älä luo 2nd sing. — —
3rd sing. luokoon älköön luoko 3rd sing. olkoon luonut älköön olko luonut
1st plur. luokaamme älkäämme luoko 1st plur. — —
2nd plur. luokaa älkää luoko 2nd plur. — —
3rd plur. luokoot älkööt luoko 3rd plur. olkoot luoneet älkööt olko luoneet
passive luotakoon älköön luotako passive olkoon luotu älköön olko luotu
potential mood
present perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. luonen en luone 1st sing. lienen luonut en liene luonut
2nd sing. luonet et luone 2nd sing. lienet luonut et liene luonut
3rd sing. luonee ei luone 3rd sing. lienee luonut ei liene luonut
1st plur. luonemme emme luone 1st plur. lienemme luoneet emme liene luoneet
2nd plur. luonette ette luone 2nd plur. lienette luoneet ette liene luoneet
3rd plur. luonevat eivät luone 3rd plur. lienevät luoneet eivät liene luoneet
passive luotaneen ei luotane passive lienee luotu ei liene luotu
Nominal forms
infinitives participles
active passive active passive
1st luoda present luova luotava
long 1st1
Possessive forms
Person sing. plur.
1st luodakseni luodaksemme
2nd luodaksesi luodaksenne
3rd luodakseen
luodaksensa
past luonut luotu
2nd inessive2 luodessa luotaessa agent4 luoma
Possessive forms
Person sing. plur.
1st luodessani luodessamme
2nd luodessasi luodessanne
3rd luodessaan
luodessansa
negative luomaton
instructive luoden —
1) Used only with a possessive suffix.

2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only).
3) Some uses of the verbal noun are called the 'fourth infinitive' by certain sources (more details).

4) Usually with a possessive suffix. May not be used with all verbs, especially intransitive ones (more details). Distinct from nouns with the -ma suffix and third infinitive forms.
3rd inessive luomassa —
elative luomasta —
illative luomaan —
adessive luomalla —
abessive luomatta —
instructive luoman luotaman
4th3 verbal noun luominen
5th1
Possessive forms
Person sing. plur.
1st luomaisillani luomaisillamme
2nd luomaisillasi luomaisillanne
3rd luomaisillaan
luomaisillansa

Derived terms

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adjectives
nouns
verbs
compounds

References

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  1. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*loo-¹”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[1] (in Finnish)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004), Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

Further reading

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Anagrams

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