munus
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Latin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Italic *moinos.
Like mūnia (“duties”), it is derived from Proto-Indo-European *moy-nós, from *mey- (“change, swap”). As is the case with such derivatives as "municipality", and "immunity", the concept of trading goods and services in a way that conforms to a society's laws is quite pertinent to this term. From the addition of the "com-" prefix came commūnis (“common, public”), which is cognate to Proto-Germanic *gamainiz (“shared, communal, public”).
The semantic shift to 'gift' is explained by Sextus Pompeius Festus thus:
- 1839 [8th century CE], Paulus Diaconus, edited by Karl Otfried Müller, Excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi De significatione verborum, page 140, line 12:
- Mūnus sīgnificat officium, cum dīcitur quis mūnere fungī. Item dōnum quod officiī causā datur.
- Mūnus means office, when someone is said to perform his office. Also 'gift', since it's given because of the service.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈmuː.nus/, [ˈmuːnʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈmu.nus/, [ˈmuːnus]
Noun
[edit]mūnus n (genitive mūneris); third declension
- a service, office, employment
- Synonyms: ministerium, negōtium, officium, cūra, cūrātiō
- c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 61.41–45:
- […] ut lubentius, audiēns
sē citārier ad suum
mūnus, hūc aditum ferat
dux bonae Veneris, bonī
coniugātor amōris.- […] so that with more pleasure, hearing
himself being hurried to his
office, towards here might come
the herald of the good Venus, of the good
love uniter.
- […] so that with more pleasure, hearing
- […] ut lubentius, audiēns
- a burden, duty, obligation
- a service, favor
- a spectacle, public show
- (in the plural) a public building made at the expense of an individual
- 2 CE, Ovid, The Art of Love 1.67–70:
- Tū modo Pompeiā lentus spatiāre sub umbrā,
cum sōl Herculeī terga leōnis adit:
aut ubi mūneribus nātī sua mūnera māter
addidit, externō marmore dīves opus.- Just slowly take a walk under the shadow,
when the sun goes towards the back of the Herculean lion;
or where the mother to her son's buildings her own buildings
has added, a work rich by its exterior marble.
- Just slowly take a walk under the shadow,
- Tū modo Pompeiā lentus spatiāre sub umbrā,
- c. 81 CE, Martial, Dē Spectāculīs 2.7–8:
- Hīc ubi mīrāmur vēlōcia mūnera thermās,
abstulerat miserīs tēcta superbus ager.- Here where we wonder at the speedy public building of a bath,
a vain tract of land had taken the houses away from the poor.
- Here where we wonder at the speedy public building of a bath,
- Hīc ubi mīrāmur vēlōcia mūnera thermās,
- a gift
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | mūnus | mūnera |
Genitive | mūneris | mūnerum |
Dative | mūnerī | mūneribus |
Accusative | mūnus | mūnera |
Ablative | mūnere | mūneribus |
Vocative | mūnus | mūnera |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “munus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “munus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- munus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- munus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to give a gladiatorial show: munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
- to live a perfect life: virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi (Tusc. 1. 45. 109)
- banished from public life: rei publicae muneribus orbatus
- to perform official duties: munus administrare, gerere
- to perform official duties: munere fungi, muneri praeesse
- to appoint some one to an office: muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere
- to fulfil the duties of one's position: munus explere, sustinere
- to remove a person from his office: abrogare alicui munus (Verr. 2. 57)
- a man who has held many offices: honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus (De Or. 1. 45)
- to give a gladiatorial show: munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
- “munus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “munus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
Sumerian
[edit]Romanization
[edit]munus
- Romanization of 𒊩 (munus)
Categories:
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms with quotations
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin neuter nouns in the third declension
- Latin neuter nouns
- Latin words in Meissner and Auden's phrasebook
- Sumerian non-lemma forms
- Sumerian romanizations