pēc
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Latvian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]As adverb (the nowadays more frequent prepositional use is a later development), pēc is the reflex of an earlier pēdis (“after(wards)”), still found dialectally and in folk songs, itself from *pēdies, an old instrumental plural form of pēds, a morphological variant of pēda (“foot sole; footprint”). The original meaning was therefore sequentiality, like footprints: “one after the other,” from which later “after that,” “after...”.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]pēc
- after, afterwards, later, later on (in a moment of time posterior to the reference time)
- pēc, kad noticis, visi gudri ― after (something) happens, all (are) wise (= in hindsight, everything is obvious)
- jo dzestrāku rīts rasu audis, jo skaidrāka pēc diena būs ― the fresher, cooler the morning makes the dew, the clearer, brighter the day will be later
- jāiet pamielot viešņa arī, lai nerunā pēc, ka mēs tai likuši aiziet tukšā dūšā ― we have to feed the visitor, too, so that she won't say later that we made her go on an empty stomach
Preposition
[edit]pēc (with genitive)
- used to refer to a time posterior to a certain action or event; after, in
- pēc tam ― after that
- pēc brīža istabā ienāca māte ― after a moment, mother came in
- ierasties pēc divām stundām ― to arrive after, in two hours
- vilciens atiet pēc stundas ― the train leaves in (lit. after) an hour
- pēc darba braucu uz mājām ― after work I go home
- pēc pusnakts sākās vētra ― after midnight a storm started
- pēc lietus labi aug sēnes ― after the rain, mushrooms grow well
- pēc diviem mēnešiem būs pārbaudījumi ― after two months there will be a test
- pēc koncerta notika pārrunas ― after the concert there were discussions
- nodarbības turpināsies pēc pārtraukuma ― classes will resume after the break
- aizrit diena pēc dienas... bet vēstules no brāļa kā nav, tā nav ― day after day passes... and yet, no letters from (his) brother
- used to refer to a place located further away than a certain reference point or distance; after
- pēc diviem kilometriem būs krustceļš ― after two kilometers there will be a crossroads
- pēc kāda gabala gājējs apstājās ― after a certain distance the (walking) traveler stopped
- used in reference to a sequence in time or space; after, by
- dot dzert visiem pēc kārtas ― to give to drink to everyone in a row (lit. after order, in order)
- lopus citu pēc cita izveda no kūts ― they drove the animals out of the barn one after the other
- viņi nolēma atpūsties pēc katriem pieciem kilometriem ― they decided to rest after every five kilometers
- used to indicate the purpose or goal of an action; for, after, in order to get
- iet uz aku pēc ūdens ― to go to the well for, to get water
- aiziet uz veikalu pēc maizes ― to go to the shop after bread
- sniegties pēc grāmatas ― to reach out for a book
- jautāt pēc saimnieces ― to ask for the lady
- kliegt pēc palīdzības ― to shout for help
- censties pēc izglītības ― to strive for education
- skumt pēc Rīgas ― to grieve for Rīga
- ilgas pēc dzimtenes ― a longing for one's home(land)
- kāre pēc medus ― a craving for honey
- alkt pēc zemenēm ― to crave (for) strawberries
- “ko tā vālodze sauc?” “vālodze sauc pēc lietus” ― “what is the oriole calling?” “the oriole is calling for rain”
- (postnominally, as a postposition) used to indicate the cause or reason for something, the motive of an action; for, because of, for the sake of
- skata pēc ― for the sake of appearance, formatlity
- dziedāt gara laika pēc ― to sing because of boredom
- audzēt puķes košuma pēc ― to grow flowers for (their) beauty
- strādāt bērnu pēc ― to work for (the benefit of) the children
- pieklājības pēc viņš pateica dažus vārdus ― he said a few words for the sake of politeness
- used to indicate the basis, the grounds for something; by, according to
- pēc rakstura saticīgs cilvēks ― by character a sociable person
- pēc izglītības ķīmiķis ― a chemist by training
- spriest par cilvēku pēc viņa darbiem ― to judge a person by his works
- sakārtot kastes pēc lieluma ― to arrange the boxes by size
- līdzskaņu klasifikācija pēc aktīvā runas orgāna ― a classification of consonants according to the active organ of speech
- used to indicate the way, the method, the example being followed; by, according to
- strādāt pēc plāna ― to work accroding to plan
- rīkoties pēc vajadzības ― to act by, according to necessity
- uzmest skici pēc atmiņas ― to draw a sketch by memory
- izvēlēties krāsu pēc savas gaumes ― to choose a color according to one's taste
- strādāt pēc labākās sirdsapziņas ― to work according to one's (best) conscience
- ganos dziedāju, jo ganam pēc paraduma ir jādzied ― I sing in the pastures, because by tradition shepherds must sing
- used to indicate similarity; like, after
- īstenība pēc direktora viņš nemaz neizskatās ― in truth, he doesn't look at all like the director
- te ož pēc dūmiem ― it smells here like smoke
- arāja rokas smaržo pēc zemes, sējēja rokas pēc graudiem ― the plower's hands smell like earth, the sower's hands like grain
Usage notes
[edit]Usually the genitive is used with pēc, but in the phrase pēc tam “after that” the dative form tam of tas “that” is unexpectedly used.
Synonyms
[edit]- (of "for, because"): dēļ
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “pēc”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN