reference

For information on how references should be handled on Wiktionary, see Wiktionary:References

See also: référence

§English

Wikipedia Wikipedia

§Etymology

From refer +‎ -ence.

§Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈɹɛf.ɹəns/, /ˈɹɛf.ɜː(ɹ).əns/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

§Noun

reference (plural references)

1. A relationship or relation (to something).
   • 1621, Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, III.1.3:

     all these are far more eminent and great, when they shall proceed from a sanctified spirit, that hath a true touch of religion and a reference to God.

2. A measurement one can compare to.
3. Information about a person, provided by someone (a referee) with whom they are well acquainted
4. A reference work.
5. (semantics) A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.
6. (academic writing) A short written identification of a previously published work which is used as a source for a text.
7. (academic writing) A previously published written work thus indicated; a source.
8. (programming) An object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself.
9. (programming, character entity) A special sequence used to represent complex characters in a web page such as ™ or €.
10. (obsolete) appeal
    • Shakespeare

      Make your full reference.

§Derived terms

Derived terms

call-by-reference/pass-by-reference frame of reference point of reference reference book reference manual

reference work self-reference strong reference weak reference

§Translations

measurement one can compare to

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 參考, 参考 (zh) (cānkǎo)

• Dutch: referentie (nl) f
• Estonian: referents
• Finnish: vertausarvo, referenssi
• French: référence (fr) f
• German: Referenz (de) f
• Indonesian: rujukan (id), acuan (id), referensi (id)
• Italian: riferimento (it)
• Japanese: 参考 (ja) (さんこう, sankō)
• Korean: 참고 (ko) (chamgo) (參考 (ko)), 참조 (ko) (chamjo) (參照 (ko))

• Kurdish:

  Sorani: سه‌رچاوه‌ (sarchAwa)

• Malay: rujukan, acuan (ms)
• Portuguese: referência (pt) f
• Romanian: referință (ro) f
• Russian: образец (ru) m (obrazéc), отношение (ru) n (otnošénije), референция (ru) f (referéncija), ссылка (ru) f (ssýlka)
• Spanish: referencia (es)
• Turkish: referans (tr)

information about a person, provided by someone (a referee) with whom they are well acquainted

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 證明, 证明 (zh) (zhèngmíng)

• Dutch: referent m, referente (nl) f
• Estonian: soovitus
• Finnish: suositus (fi)
• French: recommandation (fr) f
• German: Referenz (de) f

• Japanese: 照会 (ja) (shōkai), 照会先 (しょうかいさき, shōkaisaki)
• Portuguese: referência (pt) f
• Russian: рекомендация (ru) f (rekomendácija), поручительство (ru) n (poručítel’stvo), референция (ru) f (referéncija), характеристика (ru) f (xarakterístika)
• Turkish: referans (tr)

reference work — see reference work

academic writing: identification of a source

• Finnish: lähdeviittaus, viite (fi)
• Georgian: წყაროს მითითება (cqaros mit’it’eba)
• Navajo: naaltsoos bitsʼą́ą́dóó ééhózinii
• Portuguese: referência (pt) f

• Russian: ссылка (ru) f (ssýlka), референция (ru) f (referéncija)
• Swedish: källhänvisning

academic writing: source

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 來源 (zh), 来源 (zh) (láiyuán)

• Dutch: referentie (nl) f
• Esperanto: referenco
• Estonian: allikas
• Finnish: lähde (fi)
• French: référence (fr) f
• Georgian: წყარო (cqaro)
• German: Quelle (de) f
• Greek: πηγές pl (pigés)
• Haitian Creole: referans

• Japanese: 出典 (shutten)
• Navajo: naaltsoos bitsʼą́ą́dóó ééhózinii
• Portuguese: referência (pt) f
• Romanian: referință (ro) f, sursă de referință f
• Russian: ссылка (ru) f (ssýlka), отсылка (ru) f (otsýlka), источник (ru) m (istóčnik)
• Scottish Gaelic: iomradh m
• Spanish: referencia (es) f
• Swedish: källa (sv) c
• Turkish: kaynak (tr)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

Translations to be checked

• Esperanto: ^{(please verify)} referenco
• French: ^{(please verify)} référence f, ^{(please verify)} allusion f, ^{(please verify)} renvoi m

• Ido: ^{(please verify)} refero
• Persian: ^{(please verify)} اشاره (fa) (ešâre), ^{(please verify)} شناس (fa) (šenâs), ^{(please verify)} منبع (fa) (manba)
• Swedish: ^{(please verify)} referens

§See also

• sense

§Verb

reference (third-person singular simple present references, present participle referencing, simple past and past participle referenced)

1. to refer to, to make reference to, to cite

   Reference the dictionary for word meanings.

2. to mention

§Usage notes

• Some authorities object to the use of reference as a verb, preferring "refer to" or "cite".

§Translations

to refer to

• Estonian: viitama
• Finnish: viitata (fi)
• French: ^{(please verify)} faire référence à
• German: referenzieren (de)

• Japanese: 参照する (sanshō suru)
• Polish: odnosić się do
• Portuguese: referenciar
• Russian: ссылаться (ru) (ssylátsja) + на (na) impf

to mention

• Finnish: viitata (fi), mainita (fi)
• Japanese: 言及する (genkyū suru)

• Portuguese: referenciar, mencionar (pt)
• Russian: упоминать (ru) impf (upominát')

§Related terms

• referee
• referent
• referential

§External links

• reference in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• reference in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911