rufen
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German ruofan, hruofan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną. Cognate with Dutch roepen, English roop, which see. Alongside there existed a weak Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German (h)ruofen. Weak conjugation is attestable until the 19th century. It indirectly lingers in the umlautless present forms, as against obsolete du rüfst, er rüft. (Lack of umlaut on rounded diphthong before labial is regular in Upper German, but it has only established itself here, not in laufen and saufen.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]rufen (class 7 strong, third-person singular present ruft, past tense rief, past participle gerufen, auxiliary haben)
- (intransitive) to call out, to shout, to cry (of a person or animal)
- (intransitive) to call for, to request the presence of [with nach (+ dative) ‘someone/something’]
- Das Küken ruft nach seiner Mutter. ― The chick is calling for its mother.
- (transitive) to call, to request the presence of
- einen Krankenwagen rufen ― to call an ambulance
- die Polizei rufen ― to call the police
- Dann wurden wir alle einzeln auf die Bühne gerufen.
- Then all of us were called up onto the stage one at a time.
- (transitive) to call, to shout (an order, a statement, someone's name)
- (intransitive, figurative) to call, to beckon, to be waiting
- Synonym: warten
- Ich muss los, die Arbeit ruft.
- I've got to go, I have to get to work.
- (literally, “work beckons”)
- (dated, transitive) to call (use a certain name for someone) [with accusative ‘someone’ and accusative ‘by a name’]
- Synonym: nennen
- 1999 June 24, Harald Peters, “Altes Salzgebäck, laues Bier”, in Berliner Zeitung:
- Er sang in Kölsch und hatte leidlich Erfolg, man rief ihn den Dylan der Südstadt.
- He sang in Colognian and had a fair amount of success, they called him the Dylan of Südstadt.
- (Can we verify(+) this sense?) to ask, to call for [with dative ‘someone’ and zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]
Conjugation
[edit]| infinitive | rufen | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | rufend | ||||
| past participle | gerufen | ||||
| auxiliary | haben | ||||
| indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| present | ich rufe | wir rufen | i | ich rufe | wir rufen |
| du rufst | ihr ruft | du rufest | ihr rufet | ||
| er ruft | sie rufen | er rufe | sie rufen | ||
| preterite | ich rief | wir riefen | ii | ich riefe1 | wir riefen1 |
| du riefst | ihr rieft | du riefest1 du riefst1 |
ihr riefet1 ihr rieft1 | ||
| er rief | sie riefen | er riefe1 | sie riefen1 | ||
| imperative | ruf (du) rufe (du) |
ruft (ihr) | |||
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German verbs
- German strong verbs
- German class 7 strong verbs
- German verbs using haben as auxiliary
- German intransitive verbs
- German terms with collocations
- German terms with usage examples
- German transitive verbs
- German dated terms
- German terms with quotations