憔悴

Chinese

		haggard	haggard; sad; downcast haggard; sad; downcast; distressed
simp. and trad. (憔悴)		憔	悴
alternative forms		蕉萃 癄瘁 顦顇／憔悴 顦悴／憔悴 憔瘁 蕉萃 癄瘁 顦顇／憔悴 顦悴／憔悴 憔瘁 憔顇／憔悴

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiáocuì

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄘㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu⁴ seoi⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chiâu-chhùi / chiâu-chūi / chhiâu-chhùi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ziou¹ zui⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiáocuì
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄘㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciáocuèi
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiao²-tsʻui⁴
    • Yale: chyáu-tswèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyautsuey
    • Palladius: цяоцуй (cjaocuj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ciu⁴ seoi⁵
    • Yale: chìuh séuih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu⁴ soey⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: qiu⁴ sêu⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ sɵy̯¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiâu-chhùi
    • Tâi-lô: tsiâu-tshuì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciauzhuix
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siau²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰui⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siau²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰui²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiâu-chūi
    • Tâi-lô: tsiâu-tsuī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciauzui
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siau²³⁻³³ t͡sui³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡siau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siau¹³⁻²² t͡sui²²/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâu-chhùi
    • Tâi-lô: tshiâu-tshuì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiauzhuix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiau²³⁻³³ t͡sʰui²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰui¹¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ziou¹ zui⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiou tsŭi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siou³³⁻²³ t͡sui³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: dzjew dzwijH

Rime
Character	憔	悴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	宵 (91)	脂 (16)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	昨焦切	秦醉切
Baxter	dzjew	dzwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziᴇu/	/d͡ziuɪH/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ziɛu/	/d͡zʷiH/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjæu/	/d͡zjuɪH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ziaw/	/d͡zwiH/
Li Rong	/d͡ziɛu/	/d͡zuiH/
Wang Li	/d͡zĭɛu/	/d͡zwiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi̯ɛu/	/d͡zʱwiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiáo	zuì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ciu4	zeoi6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*zew  zuds/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憔	悴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6356	17947
Phonetic component	焦	卒
Rime group	宵	隊
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	樵	萃
Old Chinese	/*zew/	/*zuds/

Adjective

憔悴

1. (of person) wan and sallow; thin and pallid; haggard; emaciated

   • 衣帶漸寬終不悔，為伊銷得人憔悴。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊销得人憔悴。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 11th century, Liu Yong, Lyrics to the Melody of Butterflies Chasing Flowers (蝶戀花)

     Yīdài jiàn kuān zhōng bù huǐ, wèi yī xiāo dé rén qiáocuì. [Pinyin]

     Becoming loose are my clothes yet I regret not,
     For I languish and suffer for her willingly.

   • 2018, 陳百潭 (lyrics and music), “醉萬年”‎^[1]performed by 陳百潭:

     是為著彼段開花無結果的戀夢塊失落憔悴 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
     是为着彼段开花无结果的恋梦块失落憔悴 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]

     sī ūi-tio̍h hit tōaⁿ khui-hoe bô kiat-kó ê loân-bāng teh sit-lo̍h -chhiâu-chhùi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

     It's because of that dream of love where flowers bloomed but fruits were not borne, that I'm being depressed and haggard

2. (of plants) withered; wilted
3. (literary, of person) weary; enervated

Synonyms

• (wan and sallow): 㾪妍
• (withered): (literary) 枯索 (kūsuǒ), 枯萎 (kūwěi)

Verb

憔悴

1. (literary) to suffer; to experience hardship; to languish; to be worried

   • 民之憔悴於虐政，未有甚於此時者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     民之憔悴于虐政，未有甚于此时者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Mín zhī qiáocuì yú nüèzhèng, wèi yǒu shèn yú cǐshí zhě yě. [Pinyin]

     Never was there a time when the sufferings of the people from tyrannical government were more intense than the present.

Derived terms

• 形容憔悴
• 買憔悴／买憔悴

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
憔	悴
しょう Hyōgaiji	すい Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Etymology

Derived from Middle Chinese 憔悴 (MC dzjew dzwijH).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しょーすい [shòósúí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɕo̞ːsɨᵝi]

Noun

憔(しょう)悴(すい) • (shōsui) ^{←せうすい (seusui)?}

1. weary; enervated

Verb

憔(しょう)悴(すい)する • (shōsui suru) ^{←せうすい (seusui)?}suru (stem 憔(しょう)悴(すい)し (shōsui shi), past 憔(しょう)悴(すい)した (shōsui shita))

1. to be weary; to be enervated

Conjugation

Conjugation of "憔悴する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	憔悴し	しょうすいし	shōsui shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	憔悴し	しょうすいし	shōsui shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	憔悴する	しょうすいする	shōsui suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	憔悴する	しょうすいする	shōsui suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	憔悴すれ	しょうすいすれ	shōsui sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	憔悴せよ¹ 憔悴しろ²	しょうすいせよ¹ しょうすいしろ²	shōsui seyo¹ shōsui shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	憔悴される	しょうすいされる	shōsui sareru
Causative	憔悴させる 憔悴さす	しょうすいさせる しょうすいさす	shōsui saseru shōsui sasu
Potential	憔悴できる	しょうすいできる	shōsui dekiru
Volitional	憔悴しよう	しょうすいしよう	shōsui shiyō
Negative	憔悴しない	しょうすいしない	shōsui shinai
Negative continuative	憔悴せず	しょうすいせず	shōsui sezu
Formal	憔悴します	しょうすいします	shōsui shimasu
Perfective	憔悴した	しょうすいした	shōsui shita
Conjunctive	憔悴して	しょうすいして	shōsui shite
Hypothetical conditional	憔悴すれば	しょうすいすれば	shōsui sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative