τρέπω
Appearance
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”); cognate with Latin trepit (“turns”, verb), Sanskrit त्रपते (trápate, “feels ashamed, becomes timid or perplexed”), and Hittite 𒋼𒊑𒅁𒍣 (te-ri-ip-zi /tereppt͡si/, “ploughs”, verb). τραπέω (trapéō, “to tread (out), press (grapes)”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist, wind”) are, according to Beekes, unrelated.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /tré.pɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈtre.po/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈtre.po/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈtre.po/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈtre.po/
Verb
[edit]τρέπω • (trépō)
- turn, divert, turn back, rout an enemy
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.184:
- εἰ δ’ ὅ γ’ ἀνὴρ ὅν φημι δαΐφρων Τυδέος υἱὸς οὐχ ὅ γ’ ἄνευθε θεοῦ τάδε μαίνεται, ἀλλά τις ἄγχι ἕστηκ’ ἀθανάτων νεφέλῃ εἰλυμένος ὤμους, ὃς τούτου βέλος ὠκὺ κιχήμενον ἔτραπεν ἄλλῃ.
- ei d’ hó g’ anḕr hón phēmi daḯphrōn Tudéos huiòs oukh hó g’ áneuthe theoû táde maínetai, allá tis ánkhi héstēk’ athanátōn nephélēi eiluménos ṓmous, hòs toútou bélos ōkù kikhḗmenon étrapen állēi.
- Translation by Buckley
- But if this man, whom I speak of, be the warlike son of Tydeus, he does not perform these frantic deeds without divine aid, but some one of the immortals stands near, wrapped round as to his shoulders in a cloud, who has turned into another course the swift shaft just about to hit him.
- εἰ δ’ ὅ γ’ ἀνὴρ ὅν φημι δαΐφρων Τυδέος υἱὸς οὐχ ὅ γ’ ἄνευθε θεοῦ τάδε μαίνεται, ἀλλά τις ἄγχι ἕστηκ’ ἀθανάτων νεφέλῃ εἰλυμένος ὤμους, ὃς τούτου βέλος ὠκὺ κιχήμενον ἔτραπεν ἄλλῃ.
- to change someone's mind; (middle voice) to change one's own mind
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.43:
- χρεὼ βουλῆς ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ διοτρεφὲς ὦ Μενέλαε κερδαλέης, ἥ τίς κεν ἐρύσσεται ἠδὲ σαώσει Ἀργείους καὶ νῆας, ἐπεὶ Διὸς ἐτράπετο φρήν.
- khreṑ boulês emè kaì sè diotrephès ô Menélae kerdaléēs, hḗ tís ken erússetai ēdè saṓsei Argeíous kaì nêas, epeì Diòs etrápeto phrḗn.
- O Jove-nurtured Menelaus, need of prudent counsel comes upon both thee and me, which will protect and preserve the Greeks and their ships, since the mind of Jove is altered.
- χρεὼ βουλῆς ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ διοτρεφὲς ὦ Μενέλαε κερδαλέης, ἥ τίς κεν ἐρύσσεται ἠδὲ σαώσει Ἀργείους καὶ νῆας, ἐπεὶ Διὸς ἐτράπετο φρήν.
- to rotate something, change its orientation; (middle voice) turn around, rotate oneself
- (passive voice) to wander, not go in a straight line
Usage notes
[edit]The passive sense is usually expressed using the middle voice, more rarely in the passive (but ἐτράπην (etrápēn) is used for "to be routed" in Aeschylus, Persians, 1029).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.231:
- ὅς ῥα τότ’ Ἀτρεΐδεω Ἀγαμέμνονος ἀντίον ἦλθεν. οἱ δ’ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἐπ’ ἀλλήλοισιν ἰόντες, Ἀτρεΐδης μὲν ἅμαρτε, παραὶ δέ οἱ ἐτράπετ’ ἔγχος
- hós rha tót’ Atreḯdeō Agamémnonos antíon êlthen. hoi d’ hóte dḕ skhedòn êsan ep’ allḗloisin ióntes, Atreḯdēs mèn hámarte, paraì dé hoi etrápet’ énkhos
- Translation by Buckley
- When these, advancing against each other, were now near, the son of Atreus on his part missed, and his spear was turned aside
- ὅς ῥα τότ’ Ἀτρεΐδεω Ἀγαμέμνονος ἀντίον ἦλθεν. οἱ δ’ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἐπ’ ἀλλήλοισιν ἰόντες, Ἀτρεΐδης μὲν ἅμαρτε, παραὶ δέ οἱ ἐτράπετ’ ἔγχος
There is no clear difference in meaning between the first and second aorists.
Inflection
[edit] Present: τρέπω, τρέπομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔτρεπον | ἔτρεπες | ἔτρεπε(ν) | ἐτρέπετον | ἐτρεπέτην | ἐτρέπομεν | ἐτρέπετε | ἔτρεπον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐτρεπόμην | ἐτρέπου | ἐτρέπετο | ἐτρέπεσθον | ἐτρεπέσθην | ἐτρεπόμεθᾰ | ἐτρέπεσθε | ἐτρέποντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | τρέψω | τρέψεις | τρέψει | τρέψετον | τρέψετον | τρέψομεν | τρέψετε | τρέψουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | τρέψοιμῐ | τρέψοις | τρέψοι | τρέψοιτον | τρεψοίτην | τρέψοιμεν | τρέψοιτε | τρέψοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | τρέψομαι | τρέψῃ, τρέψει |
τρέψεται | τρέψεσθον | τρέψεσθον | τρεψόμεθᾰ | τρέψεσθε | τρέψονται | ||||
optative | τρεψοίμην | τρέψοιο | τρέψοιτο | τρέψοισθον | τρεψοίσθην | τρεψοίμεθᾰ | τρέψοισθε | τρέψοιντο | |||||
passive | indicative | τραπήσομαι | τραπήσῃ | τραπήσεται | τραπήσεσθον | τραπήσεσθον | τραπησόμεθᾰ | τραπήσεσθε | τραπήσονται | ||||
optative | τραπησοίμην | τραπήσοιο | τραπήσοιτο | τραπήσοισθον | τραπησοίσθην | τραπησοίμεθᾰ | τραπήσοισθε | τραπήσοιντο | |||||
active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
infinitive | τρέψειν | τρέψεσθαι | τραπήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
participle | m | τρέψων | τρεψόμενος | τραπησόμενος | |||||||||
f | τρέψουσᾰ | τρεψομένη | τραπησομένη | ||||||||||
n | τρέψον | τρεψόμενον | τραπησόμενον | ||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Aorist: ἐτράφθην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
passive | indicative | ἐτράφθην | ἐτράφθης | ἐτράφθη | ἐτράφθητον | ἐτραφθήτην | ἐτράφθημεν | ἐτράφθητε | ἐτράφθησᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | τραφθῶ | τραφθῇς | τραφθῇ | τραφθῆτον | τραφθῆτον | τραφθῶμεν | τραφθῆτε | τραφθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | τραφθείην | τραφθείης | τραφθείη | τραφθεῖτον, τραφθείητον |
τραφθείτην, τραφθειήτην |
τραφθεῖμεν, τραφθείημεν |
τραφθεῖτε, τραφθείητε |
τραφθεῖεν, τραφθείησᾰν | |||||
imperative | τράφθητῐ | τραφθήτω | τράφθητον | τραφθήτων | τράφθητε | τραφθέντων | |||||||
passive | |||||||||||||
infinitive | τραφθῆναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | τραφθείς | |||||||||||
f | τραφθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | τραφθέν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Pluperfect: ἐτετρόφειν, ἐτετράμμην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐτετρόφειν, ἐτετρόφη |
ἐτετρόφεις, ἐτετρόφης |
ἐτετρόφει(ν) | ἐτετρόφετον | ἐτετροφέτην | ἐτετρόφεμεν | ἐτετρόφετε | ἐτετρόφεσᾰν | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐτετράμμην | ἐτέτραψο | ἐτέτραπτο | ἐτέτραφθον | ἐτετράφθην | ἐτετράμμεθᾰ | ἐτέτραφθε | ἐτετράφᾰτο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀνατρέπω (anatrépō)
- ἀντρέπω (antrépō)
- ἀποτρέπω (apotrépō)
- διατρέπω (diatrépō)
- ἐκτρέπω (ektrépō)
- ἐνεπιτρέπω (enepitrépō)
- ἐντρέπω (entrépō)
- ἐπανατρέπω (epanatrépō)
- ἐπιπεριτρέπω (epiperitrépō)
- ἐπιτρέπω (epitrépō)
- κατατρέπω (katatrépō)
- μετατρέπω (metatrépō)
- παρατρέπω (paratrépō)
- παρεκτρέπω (parektrépō)
- πεδατρέπω (pedatrépō)
- περιτρέπω (peritrépō)
- προσανατρέπω (prosanatrépō)
- προσεπιτρέπω (prosepitrépō)
- προστρέπω (prostrépō)
- προτρέπω (protrépō)
- συμμετατρέπω (summetatrépō)
- συμπεριτρέπω (sumperitrépō)
- συμπροτρέπω (sumprotrépō)
- συνανατρέπω (sunanatrépō)
- συναποτρέπω (sunapotrépō)
- συνεπιτρέπω (sunepitrépō)
- συντρέπω (suntrépō)
- ὑπανατρέπω (hupanatrépō)
- ὑπεκτρέπω (hupektrépō)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]→ English:
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τρέπω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1503-4
Further reading
[edit]- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “terepp-zi / tere/ipp-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 871–872
- “τρέπω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “τρέπω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “τρέπω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- τρέπω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- τρέπω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “τρέπω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τρέπω.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]τρέπω • (trépo) (past έτρεψα, passive τρέπομαι)
- to divert, convert
- τρέπομαι σε φυγή ― trépomai se fygí ― I flee, run away
- τράπηκε σε φυγή ― trápike se fygí ― S/he fled
- ετράπη εις φυγήν (in ancient fashion) ― etrápi eis fygín ― S/he fled
- to turn, veer
Conjugation
[edit]τρέπω τρέπομαι
Active voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
1 sg | τρέπω | τρέψω | τρέπομαι | τραπώ |
2 sg | τρέπεις | τρέψεις | τρέπεσαι | τραπείς |
3 sg | τρέπει | τρέψει | τρέπεται | τραπεί |
1 pl | τρέπουμε, [‑ομε] | τρέψουμε, [‑ομε] | τρεπόμαστε | τραπούμε |
2 pl | τρέπετε | τρέψετε | τρέπεστε, τρεπόσαστε | τραπείτε |
3 pl | τρέπουν(ε) | τρέψουν(ε) | τρέπονται | τραπούν(ε) |
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
1 sg | έτρεπα | έτρεψα | τρεπόμουν(α) | τράπηκα, [{ετράπην}]1 |
2 sg | έτρεπες | έτρεψες | τρεπόσουν(α) | τράπηκες, [{ετράπης}] |
3 sg | έτρεπε | έτρεψε | τρεπόταν(ε) | τράπηκε, {ετράπη} |
1 pl | τρέπαμε | τρέψαμε | τρεπόμασταν, (‑όμαστε) | τραπήκαμε, [{ετράπημεν}] |
2 pl | τρέπατε | τρέψατε | τρεπόσασταν, (‑όσαστε) | τραπήκατε, [{ετράπητε}] |
3 pl | έτρεπαν, τρέπαν(ε) | έτρεψαν, τρέψαν(ε) | τρέπονταν, (τρεπόντουσαν) | τράπηκαν, τραπήκαν(ε), {ετράπησαν} |
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
1 sg | θα τρέπω ➤ | θα τρέψω ➤ | θα τρέπομαι ➤ | θα τραπώ ➤ |
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα τρέπεις, … | θα τρέψεις, … | θα τρέπεσαι, … | θα τραπείς, … |
Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … τρέψει | έχω, έχεις, … τραπεί | ||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … τρέψει | είχα, είχες, … τραπεί | ||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … τρέψει | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … τραπεί | ||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
2 sg | τρέπε | τρέψε | — | τρέψου |
2 pl | τρέπετε | τρέψτε | τρέπεστε | τραπείτε |
Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
Present participle➤ | τρέποντας ➤ | — | ||
Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας τρέψει ➤ | — | ||
Nonfinite form➤ | τρέψει | τραπεί | ||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. Formal passsive forms, as in the ancient aorist ἐτράπην from the conjugation of τρέπω. In Modern Greek, used in the 3rd persons (all persons included here, for reference). • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Derived terms
[edit]Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *trep-
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Greek terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Greek learned borrowings from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek verbs conjugating like 'τρέπω'
- Greek irregular verbs