كفر

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Arabic

Etymology 1

From the root ك ف ر (k-f-r)

Verb

كَفَرَ (kafara) I, non-past يَكْفُرُ‎ (yakfuru)

  1. (intransitive or transitive with بِ) to disbelieve (in), to close oneself off to
    • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:212:
      زُيِّنَ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوٱ ٱلْحَيَاةُ ٱلدُّنْيَا وَيَسْخَرُونَ مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَالَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا فَوْقَهُمْ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَامَةِ وَٱللّٰهُ يَرْزُقُ مَنْ يَشَاءُ بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ
      zuyyina lillaḏīna kafarū l-ḥayātu d-dunyā wayasḵarūna mina llaḏīna ʔāmanū wāllaḏīna ttaqaw fawqahum yawma l-qiyāmati wal-lāhu yarzuqu man yašāʔu biḡayri ḥisābin
      Beautified is the life of this world for those who disbelieve, and they mock at those who believe. But those who fear [Allah] are above them on the Day of Resurrection, and Allah begifts whom He wills without account.
    • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:256:
      لَا إِكْرَاهَ فِي ٱلدِّينِ ۖ قَدْ تَبَيَّنَ ٱلرُّشْدُ مِنَ ٱلْغَيِّ ۚ فَمَنْ يَكْفُرْ بِٱلطَّاغُوتِ وَيُؤْمِنْ بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدِ ٱسْتَمْسَكَ بِٱلْعُرْوَةِ ٱلْوُثْقَىٰ لَا ٱنْفِصَامَ لَهَا ۗ وَٱللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
      lā ʾikrāha fī d-dīni qad tabayyana r-rušdu mina l-ḡayyi faman yakfur bi-ṭ-ṭāḡūti wayuʾmin bi-l-lahi faqadi stamsaka bi-l-ʿurwati l-wuṯqā lā nfiṣāma lahā wal-lahu samīʿun ʿalīmun
  2. (transitive or with بِ) to be ungrateful
    • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:152:
      فَٱذْكُرُونِي أَذْكُرْكُمْ وَٱشْكُرُوا لِي وَلَا تَكْفُرُونِ
      faḏkurūnī ʔaḏkurkum waškurū lī walā takfurūni
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  3. (construed with بِ (bi)) to disclaim association with, to renounce
Conjugation
Antonyms

Verb

كَفَرَ (kafara) I, non-past يَكْفُرُ or يَكْفِرُ‎ (yakfuru or yakfiru)

  1. to cover, hide
Conjugation

Noun

كُفْر (kufrm

  1. verbal noun of كَفَرَ (kafara) (form I)
    1. disbelief; disacknowledgment
    2. ingratitude
Declension

Noun

كَفْر (kafrm

  1. verbal noun of كَفَرَ (kafara) (form I)
  2. darkness, blackness
  3. earth, dust
  4. grave, sepulcher
Declension

Verb

كَفَّرَ (kaffara) II, non-past يُكَفِّرُ‎ (yukaffiru)

  1. to cover, hide
  2. to expiate, do penance, atone
  3. to forgive, grant pardon
  4. to make an infidel, seduce to unbelief
  5. to accuse of infidelity, charge with unbelief
Conjugation

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Aramaic כַּפְרָא /‏ ܟܰܦܪܳܐ (kap̄rā, village, open town, unfortified town), from Akkadian 𒅗𒀊𒊒 (kapru, farm, village; a settlement outside of a city), considered to represent a word particular to the non-Akkadian “Mari language”, that is to be formed either in the unknown East Semitic or the unknown Amorite language spoken there. Probably originally meaning an agricultural storage-room, doublet of غَفْر (ḡafr), related to the meaning of “covering” connecting the roots غ ف ر (ḡ-f-r), כ־פ־ר (k-p-r). Compare Hebrew כְּפָר (kp̄ār, village).

Noun

كَفْر (kafrm (plural كُفُور (kufūr))

  1. open, town, village, suburb
    • لَا تَسْكُنِ الْكُفُورَ، فَإِنَّ سَاكِنَ الْكُفُورِ كَسَاكِنِ الْقُبُورِ
      lā taskuni l-kufūra, faʔinna sākina l-kufūri kasākini l-qubūri
      Don’t dwell in the suburbs, for he who dwells in the suburbs is like a dweller of the graves.
Declension
Usage notes

Not retained anymore except in place-names.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Aramaic כּוּפְרָא /‎ ܭܽܘܦܪܳܐ (kūp̄rā, pitch, tar; asphalt), from Akkadian 𒇒𒌓𒀀 (kupru, bitumen, pitch), from Akkadian 𒅗𒉺𒊒 (kapāru, to smear or daub on). Doublet of غُفْرَان (ḡufrān). Compare Old Armenian կուպր (kupr), a Semitic borrowing.

Noun

كُفْر (kufrm

  1. pitch, tar
Declension

References

  • kpr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • kpwr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “كفر”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes[1] (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 476–477
  • Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 150
  • Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 281
  • Freytag, Georg (1837) “كفر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[2] (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 46–47
  • Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “كفر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[3] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, pages 913–914
  • Lane, Edward William (1863) “كفر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[4], London: Williams & Norgate, pages 2620–2621
  • Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “كفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[5], London: W.H. Allen, page 890
  • Wahrmund, Adolf (1887) “كفر”, in Handwörterbuch der neu-arabischen und deutschen Sprache[6] (in German), volume 2, Gießen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung, pages 585–586
  • Wehr, Hans (1979) “كفر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 975
  • Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “كفر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[7] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1110

Hijazi Arabic

كَفَر

Etymology

From the Arabic root ك ف ر (k-f-r).

Pronunciation 1

Noun

كَفَر (kafarm (plural كَفَرات ‎(kafarāt))

  1. tire, tyre
  2. vehicle’s wheel
Verb

كَفَر (kafar) third-person masculine singular past of يِكْفُر

  1. He disbelieved

Pronunciation 2

Noun

كُفُر (kufurm pl

  1. apostasy
  2. infidelity