のむ

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Japanese

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Alternative spellings
飲む
呑む
喫む (uncommon)

Etymology

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From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *nəmu.

Cognates

In the Ryukyuan branch of Japonic, cognate with Kikai 飲みゅい (numyui), Kunigami 飲みん (numin), Miyako 飲むっ (num), Northern Amami Ōshima 飲むり (numuri), Okinawan 飲むん (numun), Okinoerabu 飲みゅん (numyun), Southern Amami Ōshima 飲みゅむっ (numyum), Tokunoshima 飲み (numi), Yaeyama 飲むん (numun), Yonaguni 飲むん (numun), and Yoron 飲みゅん (numyun).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「飲む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		飲む のむ [nóꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 飲め のめ [nóꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 飲まれる のまれる [nòmáréꜜrù]
Causative 飲ませる のませる [nòmáséꜜrù]
Potential 飲める のめる [nòméꜜrù]
Volitional 飲もう のもー [nòmóꜜò]
Negative 飲まない のまない [nòmáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 飲まなかった のまなかった [nòmáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 飲みます のみます [nòmímáꜜsù]
Perfective 飲んだ のんだ [nóꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 飲んで のんで [nóꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 飲めば のめば [nóꜜmèbà]

Verb

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のむ • (nomu) transitive godan (stem のみ (nomi), past のんだ (nonda))

  1. 飲む, 呑む:[note 1] to drink, to gulp, to swallow; to eat (soup)
    私(わたし)たちはさじでスープを飲(の)む。
    Watashitachi wa saji de sūpu o nomu.
    We eat soup with a spoon.
    私(わたし)はミルクを飲(の)んでいた。
    Watashi wa miruku o nondeita.
    I was drinking milk.
  2. 飲む, 喫む:[note 1] (smoking) to smoke tobacco
    Synonym: すう (suu, literally “to suck”)
  3. 飲む: to overwhelm, to engulf
  4. 飲む: to suppress, to keep down
  5. 飲む, 呑む: to take (medicine)
    薬(くすり)を飲(の)む
    kusuri o nomu
    to take medicine
  6. 飲む, 呑む: to accept something like a demand or a condition

Usage notes

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 飲 narrowly refers to drinking, while 呑 narrowly refers to swallowing. 喫 is usually restricted to smoking.

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "のむ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") のま noma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") のみ nomi
Shūshikei ("terminal") のむ nomu
Rentaikei ("attributive") のむ nomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") のめ nome
Meireikei ("imperative") のめ nome
Key constructions
Passive のまれる nomareru
Causative のませる
のます 		nomaseru
nomasu
Potential のめる nomeru
Volitional のもう nomō
Negative のまない nomanai
Negative continuative のまず nomazu
Formal のみます nomimasu
Perfective のんだ nonda
Conjunctive のんで nonde
Hypothetical conditional のめば nomeba
Classical conjugation of "のむ" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) のま noma
Continuative (連用形) のみ nomi
Terminal (終止形) のむ nomu
Attributive (連体形) のむ nomu
Realis (已然形) のめ nome
Imperative (命令形) のめ nome
Key constructions
Negative のまず nomazu
Contrasting conjunction のめど nomedo
Causal conjunction のめば nomeba
Conditional conjunction のまば nomaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) のみき nomiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) のみけり nomikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) のみつ nomitu
Perfect tense (natural event) のみぬ nominu
Perfect-continuative tense のめり
のみたり		 nomeri
nomitari
Volitional のまむ nomamu

Derived terms

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Derived terms

References

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  1. ^ “飲・呑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
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