促

Translingual

Han character

促 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人口卜人 (ORYO), four-corner 2628₁, composition ⿰亻足)

Derived characters

• 𮚼

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 664
• Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 161, character 2
• Unihan data for U+4FC3

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		促

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 促
Small seal script s05878
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (足) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
足	*ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ
莡	*sʰaːwɢ
捉	*ʔsoːɡ
齪	*sʰroːɡ, *sʰruɡ
娖	*zroːɡ
浞	*zroːɡ
鋜	*zroːɡ
趗	*sʰoːɡ, *sʰoɡ
珿	*sʰruɡ
哫	*ʔsoɡ
促	*sʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰoɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): cù (cu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cuk¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiok / chhiak / chhek

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: cù
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cù
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻu⁴
    • Yale: tsù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuh
    • Palladius: цу (cu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cuk¹
    • Yale: chūk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsuk⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: cug¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊk̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiok
    • Tâi-lô: tshiok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiog
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiak
    • Tâi-lô: tshiak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhek
    • Tâi-lô: tshik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zheg
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Note:

• chhiok - literary;
• chhiak/chhek - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: tshjowk

Rime
Character	促
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	燭 (8)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七玉切
Baxter	tshjowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰɨok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰiok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰuawk̚/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiok̚/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭwok̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯wok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cuk1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰoɡ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	促
Reading #	1/1
No.	17927
Phonetic component	足
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	促
Old Chinese	/*sʰoɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 促

1. urgent
2. to draw close
3. short
4. to reduce
5. narrow
6. to urge
7. to reach
8. respectful and cautious

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 促 – see 齪 (“cautious; careful; meticulous; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 齪).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 促 – see 蹙 (“to knit; to approach; to close in on; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹙).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

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Japanese

Kanji

促

(Jōyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: そく (soku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: しょく (shoku)
• Kun: うながす (unagasu, 促す, Jōyō); せまる (semaru, 促る)

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Korean

Hanja

促 (eum 촉 (chok))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

促: Hán Nôm readings: xúc, thúc

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation