働く
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 働 |
| はたら Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together),[1] in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping)[2] and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).
Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).
First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".[3]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 働く
| Plain | 働く | はたらく | [hàtárákú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 働いて | はたらいて | [hàtáráíté] |
| Perfective | 働いた | はたらいた | [hàtáráítá] |
| Negative | 働かない | はたらかない | [hàtárákánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 働かなかった | はたらかなかった | [hàtárákánáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 働けば | はたらけば | [hàtárákéꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 働いたら | はたらいたら | [hàtáráítáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 働け | はたらけ | [hàtáráké] |
| Volitional | 働こう | はたらこー | [hàtárákóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 働きたい | はたらきたい | [hàtárákítáí] |
| Formal | 働きます | はたらきます | [hàtárákímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 働きません | はたらきません | [hàtárákímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 働きましょう | はたらきましょー | [hàtárákímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 働きました | はたらきました | [hàtárákímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 働き 働きに |
はたらき はたらきに |
[hàtárákí] [hàtárákí ní] |
| Negative continuative | 働かず 働かずに |
はたらかず はたらかずに |
[hàtárákázú] [hàtárákázú ní] |
| Passive | 働かれる | はたらかれる | [hàtárákárérú] |
| Causative | 働かせる 働かす |
はたらかせる はたらかす |
[hàtárákásérú] [hàtárákású] |
| Potential | 働ける | はたらける | [hàtárákérú] |
Verb
[edit]働く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働き (hataraki), past 働いた (hataraita))
- [from 1212] to work at a job, to labour
- [from mid-1600s] to work properly, to operate, to function; to carry out one's function, to be effective, to come into play
- [from 1665] (transitive) to perpetrate or commit a crime
- [from 1769] (grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 働か | はたらか | hataraka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 働き | はたらき | hataraki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 働く | はたらく | hataraku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 働く | はたらく | hataraku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 働け | はたらけ | hatarake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 働け | はたらけ | hatarake |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 働かれる | はたらかれる | hatarakareru |
| Causative | 働かせる 働かす |
はたらかせる はたらかす |
hatarakaseru hatarakasu |
| Potential | 働ける | はたらける | hatarakeru |
| Volitional | 働こう | はたらこう | hatarakō |
| Negative | 働かない | はたらかない | hatarakanai |
| Negative continuative | 働かず | はたらかず | hatarakazu |
| Formal | 働きます | はたらきます | hatarakimasu |
| Perfective | 働いた | はたらいた | hataraita |
| Conjunctive | 働いて | はたらいて | hataraite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 働けば | はたらけば | hatarakeba |
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into さ in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 働かせられる → 働かされる. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ 働く/はたらく - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
- ^ “旗・幡・旌”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ “働”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 [Nationwide Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- “働く”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN
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