出る
Japanese
Kanji in this term |
---|
出 |
で Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
/idu/ → /du/ → /duru/ → /deru/
From Old Japanese 出づ (idu), from Proto-Japonic *intu. Cognate with Miyako 出ーㇲ゙ (いでぃーㇲ゙, idīz), Okinawan 出ゆん (っんじゆん, 'njiyun), Yaeyama 出るん (いでぃるん, idirun).
The initial i fell out in compounds where the preceding element ended in i. The du form on its own was not used much outside of compounds until the Kamakura period.[1][2]
The ending then shifted from -duru (modern -dzuru) to -deru, a shift common to all lower bigrade verbs that occurred from the late Muromachi period through the early Edo period.
Some sources trace the development instead as idu → iduru → duru → deru.[3]
Pronunciation
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- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "出る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
出る | でる | [déꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 出ろ | でろ | [déꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 出られる | でられる | [dèráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 出させる | でさせる | [dèsáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 出られる | でられる | [dèráréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 出よう | でよー | [dèyóꜜò] |
Negative | 出ない | でない | [déꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 出なかった | でなかった | [déꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 出ます | でます | [dèmáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 出た | でた | [déꜜtà] |
Conjunctive | 出て | でて | [déꜜtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 出れば | でれば | [déꜜrèbà] |
Verb
出る • (deru) intransitive ichidan (stem 出 (de), past 出た (deta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 出す |
mediopassive | 出る |
- to leave a place
- 部屋を出る
- heya o deru
- to leave a room
- 部屋を出る
- to go out
- to come forth, to be or become apparent, to appear
- to make an appearance, to appear
- 社会に出る
- shakai ni deru
- to go out into the world; to enter society
- 社会に出る
- (by extension from “to appear”) to answer (as in the phone or door)
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 出 | で | de | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 出 | で | de | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 出る | でる | deru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 出る | でる | deru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 出れ | でれ | dere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 出よ¹ 出ろ² |
でよ¹ でろ² |
deyo¹ dero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 出られる | でられる | derareru | |
Causative | 出させる 出さす |
でさせる でさす |
desaseru desasu | |
Potential | 出られる 出れる³ |
でられる でれる³ |
derareru dereru³ | |
Volitional | 出よう | でよう | deyō | |
Negative | 出ない 出ぬ 出ん |
でない でぬ でん |
denai denu den | |
Negative continuative | 出ず | でず | dezu | |
Formal | 出ます | でます | demasu | |
Perfective | 出た | でた | deta | |
Conjunctive | 出て | でて | dete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 出れば | でれば | dereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 出 | で | de |
Continuative (連用形) | 出 | で | de |
Terminal (終止形) | 出 | づ | du |
Attributive (連体形) | 出る | づる | duru |
Realis (已然形) | 出れ | づれ | dure |
Imperative (命令形) | 出よ | でよ | deyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 出ず | でず | dezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 出れど | づれど | duredo |
Causal conjunction | 出れば | づれば | dureba |
Conditional conjunction | 出ば | でば | deba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 出き | でき | deki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 出けり | でけり | dekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 出つ | でつ | detu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 出ぬ | でぬ | denu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 出たり | でたり | detari |
Volitional | 出む | でむ | demu |
Antonyms
- (to exit): 入る (hairu, “to enter”)
See also
References
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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