出る

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Japanese

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Etymology

/idu//du//duru//deru/

From Old Japanese 出づ (idu), from Proto-Japonic *intu. Cognate with Miyako 出ーㇲ゙ (いでぃーㇲ゙, idīz), Okinawan 出ゆん (っんじゆん, 'njiyun), Yaeyama 出るん (いでぃるん, idirun).

The initial i fell out in compounds where the preceding element ended in i. The du form on its own was not used much outside of compounds until the Kamakura period.[1][2]

The ending then shifted from -duru (modern -dzuru) to -deru, a shift common to all lower bigrade verbs that occurred from the late Muromachi period through the early Edo period.

Some sources trace the development instead as iduiduruduruderu.[3]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "出る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
出る [déꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 出ろ [déꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive 出られる られ [dèráréꜜrù]
Causative 出させる させ [dèsáséꜜrù]
Potential 出られる られ [dèráréꜜrù]
Volitional 出よう [dèyóꜜò]
Negative 出ない ない [déꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 出なかった なかった [déꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 出ます [dèmáꜜsù]
Perfective 出た [déꜜtà]
Conjunctive 出て [déꜜtè]
Hypothetical conditional 出れば れば [déꜜrèbà]

Verb

() (deruintransitive ichidan (stem () (de), past () (deta))

Japanese verb pair
active 出す
mediopassive 出る
  1. to leave a place
    ()()()
    heya o deru
    to leave a room
  2. to go out
    (そと)()
    Soto ni deru.
    I'll go outside.
    (たび)()
    Tabi ni deru.
    I'll go out on a trip.
  3. to come forth, to be or become apparent, to appear
    ()()
    Obake ga deta.
    A spirit appeared.
    ()()いるよ。
    Chi ga dete iru yo.
    You're bleeding.
    (literally, “Blood is coming out.”)
  4. to make an appearance, to appear
    社会(しゃかい)()
    shakai ni deru
    to go out into the world; to enter society
    • 2007, various contributors, 石川セリ (Ishikawa Seri), in Japanese Wikipedia, [1]
      もっとテレビ()(くだ)さい。
      Motto terebi ni dete kudasai.
      Please make more TV appearances.
  5. (by extension from “to appear”) to answer (as in the phone or door)
    電話(でんわ)()
    Denwa ni deru.
    I'll answer the phone.
    (わたし)()
    Watashi ga deru.
    I'll answer the door.

Conjugation

Antonyms

See also

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN