硯

See also: 砚 and 石見

Translingual

Han character

硯 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一口月山山 (MRBUU), four-corner 1661₀, composition ⿰石見)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 831, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24233
• Dae Jaweon: page 1247, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2433, character 5
• Unihan data for U+786F

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Chinese

trad.		硯
simp.		砚

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 硯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (見) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
涀	*ɡeːlʔ, *kʰeːns, *ɡeːns
莧	*ɡreːns
粯	*ɡreːns
晛	*ŋl'eːns, *ɡeːnʔ
筧	*keːnʔ
絸	*keːnʔ
垷	*keːnʔ, *ɡeːnʔ
挸	*keːnʔ
見	*keːns, *ɡeːns
俔	*kʰeːns, *ɡeːnʔ
蜆	*kʰeːns, *qʰeːnʔ, *ɡeːnʔ
硯	*ŋɡeːn, *ŋɡeːns
峴	*ɡeːnʔ
哯	*ɡeːnʔ
睍	*ɡeːnʔ
現	*ɡeːns

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yàn (yan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jin⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yen / yan
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): giān / hīⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): in⁷

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
    • Wade–Giles: yen⁴
    • Yale: yàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
    • Palladius: янь (janʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jin⁶
    • Yale: yihn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jin⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yin⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːn²²/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yen
    • Hakka Romanization System: ien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yan⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯en⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yan
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yan⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giān
    • Tâi-lô: giān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gien
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiɛn²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen, Magong)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hīⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hīnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hvi
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hĩ³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hĩ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /hĩ²²/

Note:

• giān - literary;
• hīⁿ - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: in⁷
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: īⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ĩ¹¹/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 硯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ian⁵³/
	Jinan	/iã²¹/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/iã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/iã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/niɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ȵian¹³/
	Guiyang	/nian²¹³/
	Kunming	/iɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ȵie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiẽ̞⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ne²²/
	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵiẽ⁵⁵/ /ȵiẽ¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/ȵiẽ²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ian⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/ʒen⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jin²²/
	Nanning	/jin²²/
	Hong Kong	/jin²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gian²²/ /hĩ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋiɛŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋiŋ⁴⁴/ /miŋ⁴⁴/ 俗
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ĩ³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋi²³/

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• Middle Chinese: ngenH

Rime
Character	硯
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	吾甸切
Baxter	ngenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋenH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋenH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɛnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɛnH/
Li Rong	/ŋenH/
Wang Li	/ŋienH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋienH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ŋ]ˤe[r]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡeːn/, /*ŋɡeːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	硯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngenH ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[ŋ]ˁe[r]-s/ (< uvular)
English	smooth stone; inkstone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	硯	硯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6196	6197
Phonetic component	見	見
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	姸	硯
Old Chinese	/*ŋɡeːn/	/*ŋɡeːns/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 硯

1. inkstone

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Japanese

Kanji

硯

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. inkstone

Readings

• Go-on: げん (gen)
• Kan-on: げん (gen)
• Kan’yō-on: けん (ken)
• Kun: すずり (suzuri, 硯)

Compounds

Compounds

• 硯海(けんかい) (kenkai)
• 硯材(けんざい) (kenzai)
• 硯池(けんち) (kenchi)
• 硯滴(けんてき) (kenteki)
• 硯田(けんでん) (kenden)
• 硯北(けんぽく) (kenpoku)
• 筆硯(ひっけん) (hikken)

Kanji in this term
硯
すずり Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Noun

硯(すずり) • (suzuri) 

1. inkstone

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 硯箱(すずりばこ) (suzuribako)

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Korean

Hanja

硯 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune–Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 硯 (nghiền, nghiên, nghiễn, nghẽn, khố)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation