Egyptian
Pronunciation
For the verb:
For the noun ‘oath’:
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to live, to be(come) alive
- (+ m) to subsist or live on (something)
- (+ m) to dwell in (some place)
- (+ ḥr) to occupy (a throne) or dwell in (a foreign land)
- (intransitive, of the dead) to come to life or live again after death in an afterlife
- (intransitive, figuratively) to ‘come to life’ (wake up or regain liveliness) upon the rising of the sun or upon seeing the sun
- (intransitive, figuratively) to ‘come to life’ whenever one’s name is pronounced
- (intransitive, of a name) to still be remembered
- (intransitive, especially of body parts) to be vigorous or full of vitality
- (intransitive, medicine, of food) to be fresh
- (intransitive, as a non-attributive relative/emphatic form) used in introductory formulae for oaths, usually with a king or god as subject: As long as … lives, … [since the Old Kingdom]
- used at the beginning of inscriptions before the names of kings and gods: originally ‘May … live’, later meaningless [meaningless since the 18th Dynasty]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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[New Kingdom]
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[Late Period, Greco-Roman Period]
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[Late Period, Greco-Roman Period]
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when used at the start of inscriptions/before divine/royal names
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Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥnḫ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥnḫ, geminated stem: ꜥnḫḫ
infinitival forms
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imperative
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infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫw, ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫt
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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ꜥnḫ
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ḥr ꜥnḫ
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m ꜥnḫ
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r ꜥnḫ
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suffix conjugation
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aspect / mood
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active
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contingent
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aspect / mood
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active
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perfect
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ꜥnḫ.n
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consecutive
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ꜥnḫ.jn
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terminative
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ꜥnḫt
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perfective3
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ꜥnḫ
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obligative1
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ꜥnḫ.ḫr
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imperfective
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ꜥnḫ
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prospective3
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ꜥnḫ
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potentialis1
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ꜥnḫ.kꜣ
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subjunctive
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ꜥnḫ
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verbal adjectives
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aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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active
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active
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passive
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perfect
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ꜥnḫ.n
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—
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—
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perfective
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫw5, ꜥnḫy5
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imperfective
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫy, ꜥnḫw5
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫj6, ꜥnḫy6
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫw5
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prospective
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫtj7
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ꜥnḫtj4, ꜥnḫt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: ꜥnḫ
- Coptic:
- Sahidic, Fayyumic, and Lycopolitan: ⲱⲛϩ (ōnh)
- Bohairic: ⲱⲛϧ (ōnx)
- Dialect P: ⲱⲳϧ (ōnx)
- Akhmimic: ⲱⲛⳉ (ōnx)
Noun
m
- life (the state of being alive)
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Derived terms
Noun
m
- someone who lives, a living person or dweller
- c. 13th Dynasty, Naos of Hori, Kunsthistorisches Museum 186, Vienna:
- j ꜥnḫw tp(j)w tꜣ ẖrw-ḥbt nb wꜥbw nb […]
- O living ones upon the earth, all lector-priests, all temple-cleaners […]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Derived terms
Noun
m
- Lua error: Parameter "nohypothesis" is not used by this template. It is a piece of equipment illustrated among coffin offerings, at the foot end of the mummy, and depicted in the hieroglyph used to write its name. Possibilities include:
- A sandal strap
- An elaborate amuletic bow or knot
- A sort of tied belt
- ankh (symbol of life)
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
Descendants
Noun
m
- (usually with pꜣ in Late Egyptian) oath, vow [since the Middle Kingdom]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine consonant-stem)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Coptic:
- Sahidic and Bohairic: ⲁⲛⲁϣ (anaš)
- Akhmimic: ⲁⲛⲁⳉ (anax)
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to swear (an oath); (with m) to swear by (someone) [18th Dynasty]
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥnḫ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥnḫ, geminated stem: ꜥnḫḫ
infinitival forms
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imperative
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infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫw, ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫt
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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ꜥnḫ
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ḥr ꜥnḫ
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m ꜥnḫ
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r ꜥnḫ
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suffix conjugation
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aspect / mood
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active
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contingent
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aspect / mood
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active
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perfect
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ꜥnḫ.n
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consecutive
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ꜥnḫ.jn
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terminative
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ꜥnḫt
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perfective3
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ꜥnḫ
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obligative1
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ꜥnḫ.ḫr
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imperfective
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ꜥnḫ
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prospective3
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ꜥnḫ
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potentialis1
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ꜥnḫ.kꜣ
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subjunctive
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ꜥnḫ
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verbal adjectives
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aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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active
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active
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passive
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perfect
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ꜥnḫ.n
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—
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—
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perfective
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫw5, ꜥnḫy5
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imperfective
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫy, ꜥnḫw5
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫj6, ꜥnḫy6
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫw5
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prospective
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ꜥnḫ, ꜥnḫtj7
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ꜥnḫtj4, ꜥnḫt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Noun
m
- prisoner of war [18th Dynasty]
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- bouquet or garland of flowers, typically as an offering [since the 18th Dynasty]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- a kind of beetle [Pyramid Texts]
- an epithet of the sun [Greco-Roman Period]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- an epithet of the inundation [Greco-Roman Period]
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- Uncertain [Middle Kingdom]
- alabaster
- something made from alabaster
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- mirror [since the Middle Kingdom]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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ꜥnḫ
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[Middle Kingdom]
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[Middle Kingdom]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
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Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Derived terms
Noun
m
- a vessel in the form of an ankh, from which the gods pour life
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- a door leaf [Greco-Roman Period]
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- a kind of document [20th Dynasty]
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- sustenance, livelihood [since the 18th Dynasty]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥnḫ
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Noun
m
- billy-goat? [19th Dynasty]
Inflection
Declension of ꜥnḫ (masculine)
Derived terms
See also
References
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 193.2–201.4, 202.3–203.5, 204.2–204.5, 204.7–204.17, 205.8, 205.13–205.14
- Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), “Protodialect”, in The Coptic Encyclopedia[2], New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 386.
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58