-가

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Jeju

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Etymology

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See Korean (-ga).

Particle

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(-ga)

  1. Synonym of (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.

Korean

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Etymology 1

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Uncertain. It was not attested in texts from the 15th century, and its first attestation has been variously placed at 1572 CE[1] or mid-17th century.[2]

Particle

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(-ga)

  1. Synonym of (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.
    말했잖아.Nae-ga malhaetjana.I said it.
    어디 좋을까?Eodi-ga jo'eulkka?Which place is best?
    의자 있다.Uija-ga itda.There is a chair.
    Audio:(file)

Etymology 2

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From Middle Korean 가〮 (Yale: -ká), from Old Korean (*-ka). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for yes-no questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the Old Korean nominalized forms of verbs, whence ㄴ가 (-n'ga) and ㄹ까 (-lkka).

In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation (nor reserved for yes-no questions); see "Related terms" below.

Suffix

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(-ga)

  1. (Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking yes-no questions. It is only used for the copula 이다 (-ida, to be) and 아이다 (aida, to not be).
    아이?Ai-ga?Isn't it?
    이기 이름?Igi ni ireum-i-ga?Is this your name?
    느그 성제?Neugeu-deur-i seongje-ga?Are you brothers?
Usage notes
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  • Its wh-word question equivalent is (-go).
  • For non-copula stems, (-na) is used.
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Particle

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(-ga)

  1. (Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.
    이기 이름?Igi ni ireum-ga?Is this your name?

Etymology 3

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From Old Korean (*-kwa). Unlike Middle Korean and most other dialects, Yukjin was apparently unaffected by the lenition to (-wa) in intervocalic environments. Until the early twentieth century, the pronunciation was still (-gwa), but it has since shifted.

Pronunciation

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Particle

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(-ga)

  1. Yukjin and Russia form of (-gwa, with, and)
  2. Yukjin and Russia form of (-wa, with, and)
    동네 여자 남자 살았지. (Koryo-mar, Shymkent)
    Han dongne-e yeojaga namja saratji.
    In a neighbourhood lived a lady with a man.
    • 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:
      야댜하는 쳐지. (Yukjin)
      Nae-ga neo-neu yadyahaneun cheoji-da.
      You and I are in a relationship where we don't use honorifics.
    • 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:
      슬기 여끼 따다. (Yukjin)
      Seulgi-ga yeokki ttada.
      A leopard cat and a fox are different.
  3. (for a verb of speech) to
    • 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:
      동미 말했지. (Yukjin)
      Dongmi-ga malhaetji.
      I spoke to my friend.
    • 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:
      무스거 물어보더야? (Yukjin)
      Ne-ga museugeo mureo-bodeoya?
      What were they asking [to] you?
Usage notes
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  • As mentioned above, the particle does not change depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or not.
  • There is no potential for confusion with the subject-marking particle (-ga) because it is not used in Yukjin.
  • Some speakers attach (-ga) to both nouns being connected, as in Old or Middle Korean.

References

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  1. ^ 洪允杓, 主格語尾 「-가」에 대하여, 國語學 제3집, 1975.12, 65-91.
  2. ^ 고광모, 주격조사 ‘-가’의 발달, 사단법인 한국언어학회 2013년 겨울학술대회 발표논문집, 2013.12, 69-78.
  3. ^ 홍윤표, 近代國語硏究(Ⅰ), 태학사, 1994, pp. 412-413.
  4. ^ 이숭녕, 주격(主格) '가'의 발달(發達)과 그 해석(解釋), 국어국문학 제19권, 1958.6, 53-57.
  5. ^ 辛兌鉉, 鷄林類事·華夷譯語의 朝鮮 古語 續考, 한글, 1941.3, 9-2(통권84), pp. 1-2.
  6. ^ Ramstedt, G.J., Studies in Korean Etymology, 1949, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  7. ^ 李承旭, 副動詞의 虛辭化, 진단학보, (51), 1981, 183-202.
  8. ^ 鄭光, 主格 ‘가’의 發達에 대하여: 近代國語資料의 解釋을 中心으로, 우리문화, 2.