Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én: difference between revisions

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====Alternative reconstructions====
====Alternative reconstructions====
* {{alt|ine-pro|alt=*én}}<ref>{{R:gem:PIEPG|page=71|passage=PIE *en}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|vol=2|pages=221-36}}</ref>
* {{alt|ine-pro|alt=*én}}<ref>{{R:gem:PIEPG|page=71|passage=PIE *en}}</ref><ref name="LIPP">{{R:ine:LIPP|vol=2|pages=221-236}}</ref>


====Reconstruction notes====
====Reconstruction notes====
Dunkel bases his {{m|ine-pro||*én}} reconstruction on the unexpected vocalization of {{m+|grc|ἀκαρός|t=brain}}.<ref name="LIPP" />
Traditionally reconstructed with leading *h₁, but several Greek and Sanskrit compounds, if the analysis is correct, rule this out, for example {{m+|grc|ἀκαρός}}, a variant of {{m|grc|ἔγκαρος|t=brain}},<ref>Dunkel, ibid., page 236</ref> or {{m+|sa|हेमन्|tr=héman|t=in winter}} < {{m|ine-pro|*ǵʰéyōm|*ǵʰeym}} ''én''.<ref>{{R:ine:NIL|page=165}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|author=[[w:Alan Nussbaum|Alan J[effrey] Nussbaum]]|title=Head and Horn in Indo-European|series=Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft [Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture], New Series|seriesvolume=2|location=Berlin|publisher=w:Walter de Gruyter|year=1986|page=189|isbn=0-89925-132-3}}</ref>


====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
Line 31: Line 31:
*** {{desc|grc|ἐνί}}<ref name="EDG">{{R:grc:EDG|head=ἔν|volume=I|page=419}}</ref>
*** {{desc|grc|ἐνί}}<ref name="EDG">{{R:grc:EDG|head=ἔν|volume=I|page=419}}</ref>


* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o-}} (< {{m|ine-pro||*h₁éni}} + {{m|ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-|t=eye}})<ref>{{R:txb:Adams 2013|head=ek*|pages=78|passage=*h₁en-h₃kʷ-o-}}</ref><ref>Dunkel, ibid., page 234</ref><ref name="EDL"/><ref>{{R:cel:EDPC|pages=115|head=*enekʷo-}}</ref>
* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o-}} (< {{m|ine-pro||*h₁éni}} + {{m|ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-|t=eye}})<ref>{{R:txb:Adams 2013|head=ek*|pages=78|passage=*h₁en-h₃kʷ-o-}}</ref><ref name="LIPP" /><ref name="EDL"/><ref>{{R:cel:EDPC|pages=115|head=*enekʷo-}}</ref>
** {{desc|iir-pro|*HániHkas}}
** {{desc|iir-pro|*HániHkas}}
*** {{desc|inc-pro|*HániHkas}}
*** {{desc|inc-pro|*HániHkas}}
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*** {{desc|grc|ἐνῑπή|t=reproach|der=1}}
*** {{desc|grc|ἐνῑπή|t=reproach|der=1}}


* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁en-h₃ōkʷ-m̥|lit=in the eye}} (< {{m|ine-pro||h₁en}} + {{m|ine-pro|*h₃ōkʷ-}})<ref>{{R:ine:NIL|head=*''h₃ekʷ-''|page=370}}</ref><ref>Dunkel, ibid., page 230</ref>
* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁en-h₃ōkʷ-m̥|lit=in the eye}} (< {{m|ine-pro||h₁en}} + {{m|ine-pro|*h₃ōkʷ-}})<ref>{{R:ine:NIL|head=*''h₃ekʷ-''|page=370}}</ref><ref name="LIPP" />
** {{desc|grk-pro||alt=*enōkʷa}}
** {{desc|grk-pro||alt=*enōkʷa}}
*** {{desc|grc|ἐνῶπα|t=against}}
*** {{desc|grc|ἐνῶπα|t=against}}
Line 86: Line 86:
** {{desc|grc|νειρός}}, {{l|grc|νέρτερος}}, {{l|grc|ἐνέρτερος}}, {{l|grc|ἔνερθεν}}/{{l|grc|νέρθεν}}, {{l|grc|ἔνεροι}}
** {{desc|grc|νειρός}}, {{l|grc|νέρτερος}}, {{l|grc|ἐνέρτερος}}, {{l|grc|ἔνερθεν}}/{{l|grc|νέρθεν}}, {{l|grc|ἔνεροι}}


* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁n-í|t=down}} (< "inside")<ref>Dunkel, ibid., page 563</ref>
* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁n-í|t=down}} (< "inside")<ref name="LIPP" />
** {{desc|xcl|նի-}}
** {{desc|xcl|նի-}}
** {{desc|cel-pro|*ni-}}
** {{desc|cel-pro|*ni-}}
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*** {{desc|gem-pro|*niþer}}<ref>{{R:gem:EDPG|head=*niþera-}}</ref> {{see desc}}
*** {{desc|gem-pro|*niþer}}<ref>{{R:gem:EDPG|head=*niþera-}}</ref> {{see desc}}
*** {{desc|sa|नितराम्|tr=nitarā́m|t=downwards}}
*** {{desc|sa|नितराम्|tr=nitarā́m|t=downwards}}

* {{desc|ine-pro|alt=*h₁n̥-ḱr̥h₂-ó-s|unc=1|nolb=1}}<ref>{{R:grc:EDG|head=ἀκαρός|pages=49-50}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|2018|title=Studies in Greek Lexicography|editors=Georgios K. Giannakis, Christoforos Charalambakis, Franco Montanari and Antonios Rengakos|chapter=Part II: Etymology § 3.1.1|series=Trends in Classics – Supplementary Volumes|seriesvolume=72|page=31|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110622744|passage=*H₁n̥-k̂r̥H₂o-; *H₁en-k̂r̥H₂o-}}</ref> {{q|or {{l|ine-pro||*n̥-ḱr̥h₂-o-s}}<ref>{{R:ine:Nussbaum:1986}}</ref><ref name="LIPP" />}}
** {{desc|grc|ἔγκαρος|ἴγκρος|ἀκαρός|t3=brain}}


* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁ón-tro-m}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*h₁ón-tro-m}}

Revision as of 18:51, 18 January 2024

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*h₁én[1][2][3]

  1. in

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction notes

Dunkel bases his *én reconstruction on the unexpected vocalization of Ancient Greek ἀκαρός (akarós, “brain”).[5]

Derived terms

  • *h₁en-dró-s (“egg, scrotum”)[6][7]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • >? Proto-Slavic: *ędro (“kernel”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāndrás (unexpected -ā-?)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāṇḍrás[8]
  • *h₁én-i (< h₁én + *-i (locative suffix))
    • Proto-Germanic: *eni[9] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *eni
      • Celtiberian: eni
      • ⇒ Gaulish: Eni-gnus (male given name)
      • ⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ (ini-gena, “daughter”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *eni
  • *h₁n-í (“down”) (< "inside")[5]
    • Old Armenian: նի- (ni-)
    • Proto-Celtic: *ni-
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *nizъ (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁ni-téro-

Descendants

  • Albanian: ën (‘’Old Albanian’’)
    • Albanian: n-
    • Albanian: m- (‘’Before labials’’)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (< zero-grade *h₁n̥)[31]
    • Old Prussian: ēn
    • Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
    • Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)
    • Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *en (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *en[10]
    • Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)
      Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)
  • Proto-Italic: *en (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: -an
    • Tocharian B: -ne
  • Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)[32]

References

  1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 59: “*h₁en-”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁en(i)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 290
  3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 247: “*h₁en”
  4. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 71: “PIE *en”
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 221-236
  6. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “h₁endrós”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 507-508
  7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 157
  8. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “*āṇḍá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 162
  9. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[3], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419
  11. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ek*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 78: “*h₁en-h₃kʷ-o-”
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
  13. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 115
  14. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 261
  15. ^ Ziegler, Sabine (1994) Alfred Bammesberger and Günter Neumann, editors, Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften [The language of the Old Irish Ogham inscriptions] (Historische Sprachforschung; Ergänzungsheft 36) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 103
  16. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐνῑπή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  17. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₃ekʷ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 370
  18. ^ Frisk, Hjalmar (1960) “ἐνῶπα”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pages 526-27
  19. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐνῶπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  20. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “εἰς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  21. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐντός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  22. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 158
  23. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. en”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 312
    Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ner-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
  24. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nurþera-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  25. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*niþera-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  26. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀκαρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 49-50
  27. ^ Lua error in Module:languages/errorGetBy at line 16: Please specify a language or etymology language code in the parameter "1"; the value "2018" is not valid (see Wiktionary:List of languages).
  28. ^ Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. NF / Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture. New Series; 2), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN
  29. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 387
  30. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[4] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 166-67
  31. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
  32. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “e(n)-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 87-88: “PIE *h₁en”

Further reading

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