refractory

English

WOTD – 28 September 2008

Etymology

From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɹɪˈfɹæk.təɹ.i/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Audio (AU):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æktəɹi

Adjective

refractory (comparative more refractory, superlative most refractory)

1. Obstinate and unruly; strongly opposed to something.

   Synonyms: (inanimates) contrary, fractious; see also Thesaurus:obstinate

   • 1787, Alexander Hamilton, “No. 16”, in The Federalist, published 1863, page 103:

     […] in most instances attempts to coerce the refractory and disobedient have been the signals of bloody wars, […]

   • 1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Chapter 26”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

     Mr. Weller knocked at the door, and after a pretty long interval—occupied by the party without, in whistling a tune, and by the party within, in persuading a refractory flat candle to allow itself to be lighted […]

   • 1913 Eleanor Porter: Pollyanna: Chapter 8:

     For five minutes Pollyanna worked swiftly, deftly, combing a refractory curl into fluffiness, perking up a drooping ruffle at the neck, or shaking a pillow into plumpness so that the head might have a better pose. Meanwhile the sick woman, frowning prodigiously, and openly scoffing at the whole procedure, was, in spite of herself, beginning to tingle with a feeling perilously near to excitement.

3. Not affected by great heat.

   Synonyms: heat-resistant, fireproof

   • 1855, Frederick Overman, A Treatise on Metallurgy‎^[1], page 315:

     Pure lime is extremely refractory, but readily fusible if any silex is brought in contact with it; […]

4. (medicine) Difficult to treat.
   • 1949, Albert Fields and John Hoesley, "Neck and Shoulder Pain", Calif. Med., 70(6):478–482.,

     Many of the vague and refractory cases of neck and shoulder pain and of migraine may be due to cervical disc disease.

   • 1990, H. A. Ring et al, "Vigabatrin: rational treatment for chronic epilepsy", J. Neurol. Neurosurg.Psychiatry, 53(12):1051–1055,

     In 33 adult patients with long standing refractory epilepsy on treatment with one or two standard anti-convulsant drugs,

5. (biology) Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus.
   • 1959, Nobusada Ishiko and Werner R. Loewenstein, "Electrical output of a receptor membrane", Science, 1959, 130:1405-6,

     The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane […]

   • 1970, S.S. Barold et al, "Chest wall stimulation in evaluation of patients with implanted ventricular-inhibited demand pacemakers", Br. Heart J., 32(6):783–789,

     The […] delivery of external stimuli […] delineates the pacemaker refractory period after the emission of a pacing stimulus and after the sensing of a spontaneous beat.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• electrorefractory
• refractorily
• refractoriness

• refractory period
• refractory rhyme

Related terms

• refractive
• refraction

Translations

obstinate; strongly opposed

• Bulgarian: непокорен (bg) (nepokoren), непослушен (bg) (neposlušen)
• Dutch: weerbarstig (nl), halsstarrig (nl)
• Finnish: itsepintainen (fi), itsepäinen (fi), omapäinen (fi)
• French: réfractaire (fr)
• German: widerborstig (de), widerspenstig (de), störrisch (de), halsstarrig (de), renitent (de), widersätzlich, aufsässig (de)
• Greek: ανυπότακτος (el) (anypótaktos)
• Hungarian: makacs (hu), ellenszegülő (hu), ellenálló (hu), szembeszálló
• Ido: refraktara (io)
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Italian: refrattario (it) m, refrattaria (it) f
• Maori: tīhoihoi, tīhoi
• Portuguese: refratário (pt)
• Serbo-Croatian: refrakteran, tvrdokoran (sh)
• Spanish: refractario (es)
• Swedish: motspänstig (sv)

not affected by great heat

• Bulgarian: огнеупорен (bg) (ogneuporen)
• Czech: žáruvzdorný (cs)
• Finnish: kuumuudenkestävä, tulenkestävä
• French: réfractaire (fr)
• German: hitzebeständig (de), feuerbeständig (de), feuerfest (de), hitzefest, refraktär (de), widerstandsfähig (de)
• Greek: δύστηκτος (el) (dýstiktos), πυρίμαχος (el) (pyrímachos)
• Hungarian: hőálló (hu), tűzálló (hu)
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Ido: refraktara (io)
• Italian: refrattario (it)
• Portuguese: refratário (pt)
• Russian: жаропрочный (ru) (žaropročnyj), огнеупорный (ru) (ogneupornyj)
• Serbo-Croatian: refrakteran, vatrootporan
• Spanish: refractario (es)

medicine: difficult to heal

• Bulgarian: трудно лечим (trudno lečim)
• Finnish: itsepintainen (fi), refraktorinen, refraktaarinen
• French: réfractaire (fr)
• German: hartnäckig (de), nicht auf Therapie ansprechend, unbeeinflussbar (de)
• Greek: ανθεκτικός (el) (anthektikós), δυσίατος (dysíatos)
• Hungarian: nehezen kezelhető/gyógyítható, refrakter
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Ido: refraktara (io)
• Italian: refrattario (it)
• Portuguese: refratário (pt)
• Serbo-Croatian: refrakteran, tvrdokoran (sh)
• Spanish: refractario (es)

biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus

• German: unbeeinflussbar (de), refraktär (de), passiv (de), unempfindlich (de), unempfindlich (de), nicht empfänglich, reizunempfindlich
• Serbo-Croatian: refrakteran
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}

Noun

refractory (plural refractories)

1. A material or piece of material, such as a brick, that has a very high melting point.

Translations

material with a high melting point

• German: Feuerfestmaterial n, feuerfestes Material n, feuerfester Stoff m, feuerfester Baustoff m, feuerfester Baustoff m
• Greek: πυρίμαχος (el) m (pyrímachos)
• (deprecated template usage) {{trans-mid}}
• Italian: refrattario (it) m

Further reading

• “refractory”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.