Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do^[1]

Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but^[2]
Postpositive demonstrative particle, towards^[2]^[3]

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European experienced ablaut between *de and *do but was otherwise indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *ḱe, *h₁ew, and *gʰe.^[4]

Derived terms

*deh₁ (innovative instr.sg.)^[4]^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *dī, *dī-
  - Proto-Brythonic: *di
    - Old Breton: di
    - Middle Welsh: di, di-
  - Old Irish: di, de, dí-
    - Irish: de
    - Manx: jeh
    - Scottish Gaelic: de
- Proto-Hellenic: *dḗ
  - Ancient Greek: δή (dḗ), δαί (daí)
- Proto-Italic: *dē
  - Faliscan: de
  - Latin: dē
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *dēteros
    - Latin: dēterior
*doh₁ (innovative instr.sg.)^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: do
- Proto-Germanic: *tō
- Proto-Italic: *-dō
  - Latin: quandō, (quan)dō
- Proto-Italic:
  - Old Latin: dōnicum, dōnique
    - Latin: dōnec
*h₁en-do(m)^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (anda), [script needed] (andan)
  - Luwian:
    Unspecified script: [script needed] (ānta)
    
    Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: [Anatolian Hieroglyphs needed] (anta)
  - Lycian: 𐊑𐊗𐊁 (ñte)
- Proto-Hellenic: *éndon
  - Ancient Greek: ἔνδον (éndon)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Old Latin: endo, indu
*deh₂d (innovative abl.sg.f.)^[4]
- Proto-Italic: *dād
  - Oscan: dat, da-
  - Umbrian: da-
*deh₂m (innovative acc.sg.f.)^[4]
- Proto-Italic: *-dām
  - Latin: -dam (e.g. quīdam, quondam)
*dom (innovative acc.sg.m./n.)^[4]
- Proto-Italic: *dom
  - Latin: -dum, dum

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic:^[9]
- Lithuanian: da-
- Latvian: da
- Proto-Slavic: *do
Proto-Celtic: *do^[10]
- Old Irish: do, du
Proto-Germanic: *ta
Proto-Hellenic: *dé^[11]
- Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)
- Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 287: You specified a term in 4= and not one in 3=. You probably meant to use t= to specify a gloss instead. If you intended to specify two terms, put the second term in 3=. (e.g. 𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /⁠dāmos de⁠/, “but the people”))
Proto-Hellenic: *-de^[12]
- Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)
- Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 287: You specified a term in 4= and not one in 3=. You probably meant to use t= to specify a gloss instead. If you intended to specify two terms, put the second term in 3=. (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /⁠Kudōnijān-de⁠/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /⁠harmoteiōna-de⁠/, “to the wheelwright”))
Proto-Italic: *-de^[13]
- Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)
- Lua error in Module:etymology/templates/descendant at line 287: You specified a term in 4= and not one in 3=. You probably meant to use t= to specify a gloss instead. If you intended to specify two terms, put the second term in 3=.
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 183
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, §17.3, page 249
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, § 7.27, page 135
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 97
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 322
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “endo, indu(-), indi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνδον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421-422
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 109
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δέ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “-δε”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-de”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 183

[Beekes_CIEL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, §17.3, page 249

[3] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, § 7.27, page 135

[DV_dam-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[5] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 97

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 322

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “endo, indu(-), indi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189

[8] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνδον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421-422

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 109

[10] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 102

[11] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δέ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307

[12] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “-δε”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307

[13] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-de”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

Contents

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

Usage notes

Derived terms

Descendants

References

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

Usage notes

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Navigation menu

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