Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/túh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *tī̆, *tū̆, *tuH, *tíh₁, *tu-

Etymology

Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008) proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

Pronoun

*túh₂

1. you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tī̆ (tū̆)	*yuh₁ (?yūh₁)	*yūs (?yuHs)
accusative	*t-wé ~ *te	*uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁	*usmé ~ *wō̆s
genitive	*té-we ~ *tos (adj.)	?	*usóm ~ *wō̆s
ablative	*tw-ét	?	*usm-ét
dative	*tébʰi ~ *tey, *toy	?	*usm-éy ~ *wō̆s

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*túh₂	*yú	*yū́
accusative	*twé ~ *te	*uh₃wé ~ *woh₃	*uswé ~ *wos
genitive	*téwe ~ *toy	?	? ~ *wos
dative	*tébʰye ~ *toy	?	? ~ *wos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	*twe(ge) ~ *twē (?)	*us ~ *wōs (?)
genitive	*tewe ~ *toi	?
dative	*tebʰi ~ *toy	?
oblique	*twe-	*us- ~ *wos
Outer-Anatolian IE	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
oblique	*tew-/*tu-	*us-
enclitic	*toy	*wos
Proto-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tíh₁	?
accusative	*tu-	?
oblique	*tu-	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	*twé	*usmé ~ *wōs
genitive	*téwe ~ *toy	*yus(er)o- ~ *wos
ablative	*twed	*usmed
dative	*tébʰio ~ *toi	*usmey
locative	*tóy	*usmi
instrumental	*tóy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*usos

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tu-	*yuh₁-	*yu-
accusative	*twe	*uh₁e	*usme
genitive	*tewe	*woh₁	*wos
ablative	*twed	*uh₁ed	*usmed
dative	*tubʰi	*uh₁ebʰi	*usmei
locative	*toy	*uh₁i	*usmi
poss. adj.	*twos	-	*usos

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	*tí(H)	*yúH(s)
accusative	*twé	*wōs
genitive	*téwe ~ *toy	*wos/*wes
ablative	*twéd	?
dative	*toy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*us-tero-s?

Derived terms

• *tewos (from gen. *téwe)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)
  • Proto-Italic: *towos
    • Old Latin: tovos
      • Latin: tuus

Descendants

• Albanian: ti, ju
• Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ, *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< *twé), քո (kʻo) (< *two-), դուք (dukʻ) (< *tú-s); ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)
    • Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez), քո (kʻo); դուք (dukʻ), ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu, *yūˀ, *yūˀs (< *yus)
  • Latvian: tu, jūs
  • Lithuanian: tù, jùdu (< *ju-du), jū̃s
  • Old Prussian: tou, tu, ioūs
  • Proto-Slavic: *ty, *vy (< *wū), *vy (< *wūs) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *tū, *swīs (< *wēs-wēs) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *þū, *jut, *jūz (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: σύ (sú), σφώ (sphṓ) (< *se-bʰ(e)y), ὑμεῖς (humeîs) (< *usm-), σός (sós)
    • Greek: εσύ (esý), εσείς (eseís)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuH;*tuH, *yúH, *yúH(s) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *tū, *wōs, *wosteros
  • Latin: tū, vōs, voster
  • Oscan: 𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌌 (tiium), 𐌕𐌉𐌞 (tiú) (nominative), 𐌕𐌉𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tifei), tfei (dative)
  • South Picene: 𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom) (accusative), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌝 (tefeí), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌇 (tefeh) (dative)
  • Umbrian: tiom, 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), tio, teio (accusative), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe), tefe (dative)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: tu
  • Tocharian B: tuwe

Coordinate terms

• *éǵh₂
• *swé

References

• Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008). "Some Indo-Uralic Aspects of Hittite". The Journal of Indo-European Studies 36:1-2.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN