Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₃er- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to move, to stir
to rise, to spring
to quarrel, fight ^?

Extensions

Descendants

Proto-Tocharian: *er- (“to evoke, bring forth, produce”)^[4]
- Tocharian A: ar-
- Tocharian B: er-
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: ऋ (ṛ), ईर् (īr)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃er- (36 c, 0 e)

*h₃ér-t ~ *h₃r-ént (athematic perfective)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յարեայ (yareay)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὦρτο (ôrto)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: आर्त (ā́rta)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬁 (uzār^əšuuā, 2sg.aor.impv.med.)
- >? Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: ertär
*h₃r̥-néw-ti ~ *h₃r̥-nw-énti (new-present)
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ar-nu-uz-zi), 𒅈𒉡𒍣 (ar-nu-zi)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem)
    - Armenian: → հառնել (haṙnel) (learned), > արի՛ (arí) (inherited)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *rinǫti (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *órnūmi
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρνῡμι (órnūmi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
*h₃i-h₃ér-ti ~ *h₃i-h₃r-énti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHárti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHárti
    - Sanskrit: इयर्ति (íyarti, iyárti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *HiHárti
    - Old Avestan: 𐬍𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬏 (īratū, 3sg.impv.)
*h₃ér-os ~ *h₃ér-es-os
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρος (óros), οὖρος (oûros) — Epic, Lyric, ὦρος (ôros) — Doric
    - Greek: όρος n (óros, “mountain”)
    - Mariupol Greek: о́рус n (órus, “forest”)
    - → English: oro-
    - → Italian: oro-
*h₃réwnos
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (a-ru-na-aš)
>? *h₃érō (“eagle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: արմն (armn), արմ (arm)
  - Armenian: արմ (arm)
- (perhaps) >? Old Armenian: արթ- (artʻ-)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *ortь (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Germanic: *arniz
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *ernustuz (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὀρίνω (orínō)
- Ancient Greek: ὄρμενος (órmenos), ὅρμενος (hórmenos)
  - → Latin: ormenos
- Ancient Greek: ὀροθῡ́νω (orothū́nō)
- >? Ancient Greek: ἐρέθω (eréthō)
- >? Ancient Greek: ἐρίζω (erízō)
- >? Ancient Greek: ἔρις (éris)
  - Greek: έριδα (érida)
- >? Ancient Greek: Ἐρινύς (Erinús)
  - Greek: Ερινύς (Erinýs) (pl. Ερινύες (Erinýes))
  - → Latin: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)
    - → English: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)
Proto-Italic: *orjōr
- Latin: orior
- Umbrian: orto (participle perfect)
>? Proto-Tocharian: *ār-^[5]
- Tocharian A: ār-
- Tocharian B: ār-

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁or-^[6]

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 326

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₃er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 299-301
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*Har² 'to set in motion'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 165-166
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “arnu-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 248-249
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ār”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 50
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₃er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 299-301

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*Har² 'to set in motion'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 165-166

[3] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “arnu-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 248-249

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ār”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 50

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99

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