ऋ

See also: र, रु, and ऱ

ऋ U+090B, ऋ DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R ← ऊ [U+090A] Devanagari ऌ → [U+090C]

Translingual

Stroke order

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /r̩/

Letter

ऋ (ṛ)

1. Traditionally classified as a vowel of the Devanagari script. Its matra, used to modify the inherent vowel in a consonant, is written ृ. For example the first consonant क with the matra looks like: कृ. It is only used in words of Sanskrit derivation. Transliterated as IAST: ṛ or ITRANS: RRi or R^i.

Hindi

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɾiː/

Letter

ऋ • (ŕ)

1. the seventh vowel in Hindi

See also

• (matra): ृ (ŕ)

• Devanagari script letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, त्र, ज्ञ, क्ष, क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, झ़, ड़, ढ़, फ़ ^[edit]

Marathi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾu/, [ɾuː]

Letter

ऋ • (ŕ)

1. The seventh vowel in Marathi, pronounced ru.

Nepali

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾi]
• Phonetic Devanagari: रि

Letter

ऋ • (r̥)

1. The seventh vowel in Nepali.

See also

• Devanagari script letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ऌ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ ^[edit]

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• अर् (ar)
• ईर् (īr) (from weak stem of इयर्ति (íyarti))

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ঋ (Assamese script)
• ᬋ (Balinese script)
• ঋ (Bengali script)
• 𑰆 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀋 (Brahmi script)
• ၒ (Burmese script)
• ઋ (Gujarati script)
• ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌋 (Grantha script)
• ꦉ (Javanese script)
• 𑂩𑂱 (Kaithi script)
• ಋ (Kannada script)
• ឫ (Khmer script)
• ຣິ (Lao script)
• ഋ (Malayalam script)
• ᡵᡳ (Manchu script)
• 𑘆 (Modi script)
• ᠷᠢ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦦 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐆 (Newa script)
• ଋ (Odia script)
• ꢈ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆉 (Sharada script)
• 𑖆 (Siddham script)
• ඍ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩙 (Soyombo script)
• ரி (Tamil script)
• ఋ (Telugu script)
• ฤ (Thai script)
• རྀ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒇 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨫𑨉 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmĭ, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /r̩/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /r̩/

Root

ऋ • (ṛ)

1. to go, move
2. to rise, tend towards
3. to move, shake
4. to obtain, gain, acquire, reach, meet with
5. to move, excite, raise (as voice, words, etc.)
6. to display
7. to injure, hurt
8. to attack
9. to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in
10. to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place
11. to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver
12. to give up, sacrifice
13. to give back, restore
14. to pierce through, perforate, penetrate

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

• ऋ॒च्छति॑ (ṛccháti, present)
• अर्छति (archati, present)
• इय॑र्ति (íyarti, present)
• ऋ॒णोति॑ (ṛṇóti, present)
• ऋ॒ण्वति॑ (ṛṇváti, present)
• अ॒रि॒ष्यति॑ (ariṣyáti, future)
• अ॒र्ता (artā́, periphrastic future)
• आर॑त् (ā́rat, aorist)
• आर्त॑ (ā́rta, aorist)
• आर्षी॑त् (ā́rṣīt, aorist)
• आर॑ (ā́ra, perfect)

Secondary forms

• अ॒र्यते॑ (aryáte, passive)
• अ॒र्पय॑ति (arpáyati, causative)
• ई॒रय॑ति (īráyati, causative)
• आर्पि॑पत् (ā́rpipat, causative aorist)
• ऐर॑त् (áirat, causative aorist)
• अर्प्यते (arpyate, passive of causative)
• ईर्यते (īryate, passive of causative)
• अरिरिषति (aririṣati, desiderative)
• अल॑र्ति (álarti, intensive)
• अरार्यते (arāryate, intensive)

Non-finite forms

• ऋ॒त (ṛtá, past participle)
• अर्ण (arṇa, past participle)
• ई॒र्ण (īrṇá, past participle)
• अर्तो॑स् (ártos, infinitive)
• ऋ॒त्वा (ṛtvā́, gerund)

Derived nominal forms

• ऋति (ṛti)
• ऋतप्सु (ṛtapsu)
• ऋतावन् (ṛtāvan)
• ऋतु (ṛtu)
• ऋतव्य (ṛtavya)
• अर्ण॑ (árṇa)
• अर्पण (arpaṇa)
• अर्व॑त् (árvat)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root ऋ (0 c, 15 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root ऋ (7 c, 0 e)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “ऋ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 223, column 2.
• William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 14

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 105-6
• Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 46-47
• Gotō, T. "Altindoiranisch ar/r̥ und urindogermanisch *h₁er, *h₂er, *h₃er" in Denken sie einfach!, page 75ff.