User:Helrasincke/Morphology/Russian

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Roots & Suffixes[edit]

This is a draft for an appendix which deals with the system of morphological analysis for the Russian language known as the single-stem system which was developed by Roman Jakobsen and built upon by Charles E. Townsend, Charles Gribble and others. For an overview based on the more traditional two-stem anlysis, see instead Appendix:Russian verbs.

Mutations[edit]

Overview of mutations
Type Conjugation, verbal derivation; adjectival comparison Nom., adj. derivation Church

Slavonic

Subclass Velars Historic Velars
Consonant д т з с ст ск ц м б п в ф г к х л н р г к х ск ц к д т
Mutation ж ч ж ш щ щ ч мл' бл' пл' вл' фл' ж ч ш л' н' р' ж ч ш щ ч ц жд щ

Types[edit]

Conjugation, Verbal Derivation; Comparison of Adjectives
1 2 Examples
Consonant Mutation: within paradigm Mutation: participles, deverbals Mutation: impf. derivation
д
/d/ 		ж
/ʐ/ 		погла́дить pf (pogláditʹ) погла́жу (poglážu, 1sg.) погла́жен m (poglážjen, past pass. part.) погла́живать impf (pogláživatʹ)
перегородить pf (peregoroditʹ) перегорожу (peregorožu, 1sg.) перегорожен m (peregorožjen, past pass. part.) преграждать impf (pregraždatʹ),
т
/t/ 		ч
/t͡ɕ/ 		отве́тить pf (otvétitʹ) отвечу (otveču, 1sg.) отве́чен m (otvéčjen, past pass. part) отвеча́ть impf (otvečátʹ)
растра́тить растра́чу растра́чен растра́чивать
з
/z/ 		ж
/ʐ/ 		грузить гружу груженный выгружать
с
/s/ 		ш
/ʂ/ 		спроси́ть (sprosítʹ) спрошу́ (sprošú) спро́шен m (spróšjen, past pass. part.) спра́шивать impf (sprášivatʹ)
бро́сить бро́шу бро́шен
ст
/st/ 		щ
/ɕː/ 		вы́чистить вы́чищу вы́чищен вычища́ть
ск
/sk/ 		щ
/ɕː/ 		плескать плещу

плещи

плещущий
ц
/t͡s/ 		ч
/t͡ɕ/
м
/m/ 		млʹ
/mlʲ/ 		изумить изумлю изумлён изумлять
б
/b/ 		блʹ
/blʲ/ 		влюби́ть (vljubítʹ) влюблю (vljublju, 1sg) влю́блен m (vljúbljen, past pass. part.) влюблять
руби́ть (rubítʹ) рублю́ (rubljú, 1sg) ру́блен m (rúbljen, past pass. part.)
п
/p/ 		плʹ
/plʲ/ 		купить (kupitʹ) куплю (kuplju)
в
/v/ 		влʹ
/vlʲ/ 		ставить (stavitʹ) ставлю (stavlju)
ф
/f/ 		флʹ
/flʲ/ 		графи́ть (grafítʹ) графлю
г
/ɡ/ 		ж
/ʐ/ 		могут можешь
к
/k/ 		ч
/t͡ɕ/
х
/x/ 		ш
/ʂ/
л
/l/ 		лʹ
/lʲ/ 		изжа́лить изжа́лю изжа́лен изжа́ливать
н
/n/ 		нʹ
/nʲ/ 		оцени́ть оценю́ оценён оце́нивать
р
/r/ 		рʹ
/rʲ/ 		говорить говорю говорён
спорить спорю

For some verbs this process can be hard to see because the consonant mutation only occurs across the word-family. Consonants г, к, х, ск and ц mutate before the verbal stems -и- and -е-, for example:

The motion verb pair таскать, таскаю, таскают vs. тащить, тащу, тащут (analysable as таск и -tʹ, таск-и -u, таск и -ut),[1] c.f. таскивать

Nominal & Adjectival Derivation
1 2 Consonant Mutation Notes
г
/ɡ/ 		ж
/ʐ/ 		слуг m (slug, noun) слу́жба f (slúžba),
кни́га f (kníga, noun) кни́жный m (knížnyj, adjective)
друг m (drug, noun) дружо́к m (družók, noun), дру́жба f (drúžba, noun), дру́жеский m (drúžjeskij, adjective)
к
/k/ 		ч
/t͡ɕ/ 		река́ f (reká) ре́чка f (réčka), речно́й m (rečnój, adj.), речни́к m (rečník, noun)
вели́кий m (velíkij, adjective) вели́чие n (velíčije, noun), вели́чество n (velíčjestvo, noun), величина́ f (veličiná, noun)
знак m (znak, noun) значе́ние n (značjénije, noun), значо́к m (značók, noun), значи́тельный m (značítelʹnyj, adjective)
х
/x/ 		ш
/ʂ/ 		ти́хий m (tíxij, adjective) тишина́ f (tišiná, noun)
дух m (dux, noun) душа́ f (dušá, noun), ду́шный m (dúšnyj, adj.), душе́вный m (dušjévnyj, adj.), душево́й m (dušjevój, adj.)
чех m (čex, noun) че́шка f (čéška, noun), че́шский m (čéšskij, adj.)
ск
/sk/ 		щ
/ɕː/ 		ба́рский m (bárskij, adjective) ба́рщина f (bárščina, noun),
воск m (vosk, noun) вощи́на f (voščína, noun), воща́нка f (voščánka, noun)
ц
/t͡s/ 		ч
/t͡ɕ/ 		оте́ц m (otéc) оте́ческий m (otéčjeskij, adjective),
купе́ц m (kupéc) купе́ческий m (kupéčjeskij, adjective),
ме́сяц m (mésjac, noun) ме́сячный m (mésjačnyj, adjective),
к
/k/ 		ц
/t͡s/ 		дура́к m (durák, noun) дура́цкий m (duráckij, adjective),
каза́к m (kazák, noun) каза́цкий m (kazáckij, adjective),

Restricted to a small number of verbs and certain noun - adjective pairings

Church Slavonic Mutations
1 2 Consonant Mutation: 1sg Mutation: past passive particple Mutation: imperfective derivation
д
/d/ 		жд
/ʐd/ 		принудить pf (prinuditʹ) принужу (prinužu, 1sg.)[Note 1] принуждён m (prinuždjon, past pass. part.) принуждать impf (prinuždatʹ),
преградить pf (pregraditʹ) прегражу (pregražu, 1sg.)[Note 1] преграждён m (pregraždjon, past pass. part.) преграждать impf (pregraždatʹ),
т
/t/ 		щ
/ɕː/ 		защитить pf (zaščititʹ) защищу (zaščišču, 1sg.) защищён m (zaščiščjon, past pass. part.) защищать impf (zaščiščatʹ)
отвратить pf (otvratitʹ) отвращу (otvrašču, 1sg.) отвращён m (otvraščjon, past pass. part.) отвращать impf (otvraščatʹ)
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 жд doesn't occur in 1sg.

Russian roots by their nature consonantal (that is, ending in a consonant) and may form words by combination with prefixes or suffixes (which include the various class of zero suffix) as well as the inflectional endings. Roots are theoretical forms, that is they never appear on their own (and any case where they do can be formally analysed as including a)

Stems on the other hand may be either consonantal or non-consonantal (ending in a vowel). Stems consist of a root which imparts the basic meaning and may be suffixed by a verbal stem. According to the single-stem system of analysis, almost all Russian verbs can be divided into two broad classes:

  • Nonsuffixed stems, which combine directly with the inflectional ending. They are all consonant stems and can be further classified according to final consonant type (obstruent, syllabic or non-syllabic resonant stems).
  • Suffixed stems, which contain one or more derivational suffixes between the root and the inflectional ending. These stems can be further divided into:
    • consonant stems (all with final suffixes ending in the palatal consonant -й);
    • vowel stems (this group also includes all suffixes forming verbs which would traditionally be described as belonging to the second conjugation: suffixes: И, Е and ЖА, with Ж representing any palatal consonant: Ш Ж Щ Ч as well as Й.

The basic form, from which the root can be clearly identified and all other forms including can be derived is for all consonant stems the third person plural, while for vowel stems the infinitive serves as the basic form. This is because of the truncation rules described above.

The exceptions number under thirty, the vast majority of which fit into one of the regular classes with only minor irregularities. The only two truly anomalous stems under this system: дад-ут (give) and ед-ят (eat), which nonetheless share many similarities with one another.

Type[vbtable 1] Model verb
Syllabic resonants
В жив-ут
Н ден-ут
Й[stems 1] дуй-ут
ОЙ мой-ут
ИЙ пий-ут
Nonsyllabic resonants
  1. ^ except types ОЙ, ИЙ

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Townsend, Charles (1968) Russian Word Formation, Columbus, OH: Slavica, →ISBN, pages 86-87

References[edit]

  1. ^ Townsend, pp. 48-51
  • Gary, Browing, David K. Hart, Raisa Solovyova (2001) Leveraging Your Russian With Roots, Prefixes, And Suffixes, Bloomington, IN: Slavica, →ISBN
  • Channon, Robert (1975) “The Single-Stem Verb System Revisited”, in The Slavic and East European Journal, volume 19, number 1, →JSTOR, pages 112-122
  • Gribble, Charles (1982) Russian Root List With a Sketch of Word-Formation, Columbus, OH: Slavica, →ISBN
  • Jakobson, Roman (1948) “Russian Conjugation”, in WORD, volume 4, number 3, →DOI, pages 155-167
  • Tixonov, Aleksandr Nikolajevič (2014) Новый словообразовательный словарь, Moscow: АСТ, →ISBN
  • Townsend, Charles (1968) Russian Word Formation, Columbus, OH: Slavica, →ISBN
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