akmens
Latvian
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2001-91-11_Fragment%2C_Stone%2C_Pentagon_%285891422372%29.jpg/250px-2001-91-11_Fragment%2C_Stone%2C_Pentagon_%285891422372%29.jpg)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ákmō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-mō (whence also asmens, originally a parallel form to akmens, created by a different development of *ḱ, perhaps due to Proto-Indo-European dialectal differences), from the stem *h₂éḱ- (“sharp, pointy, angular; stone”) with an extra element -men. Cognates include Lithuanian akmuõ, genitive akmeñs, Sudovian akmi, Hittite [script needed] (aku, “sharp stone”), Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone, rock, sky”), Avestan asman (“stone, sky”), Ancient Greek ἄκμων (ákmōn, “anvil”), ἀκμή (akmḗ, “spike, edge, blade”); with reduction (zero grade) of the stem (*h₂éḱ-h₂-men > Proto-Slavic *kamy (“stone”)), also Belarusian, Russian ка́мень (kámenʹ), Ukrainian ка́мінь (káminʹ), Bulgarian ка́мен (kámen), Czech kámen, Polish kamień.[1]
According to more recent analyses, the corresponding form may have been *ákmō all the way up to Eastern Baltic unity, thus identical to the Proto-Balto-Slavic form.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Noun
[edit]akmens m (2nd declension, irregular nominative, genitive)
- stone, rock (non-metallic solid mineral; a piece of such mineral)
- ass, šķautņaina akmens ― sharp, angular stone
- akmens šķembas ― crushed stone
- akmens slabs, plāksne ― stone pillar, plate
- akmens klons, sienas, bruģis ― stone floor, walls, pavement
- mest akmeni ― to throw a stone
- lauzt akmeņus ― to break stones, rocks
- smags ka akmens ― heavy as a rock
- ciets ka akmens ― hard as a rock
- krīt ka akmens ― to fall like a rock
- akmens laikmets ― the stone age (in prehistory)
- (in the genitive, used as adjective) hard; indifferent, unfeeling, unrelenting, unshakable
- akmens sirds ― heart of stone
- gleznotājs ar nekustīgu akmens seju bija atlaidies atzveltnes krēslā ― the painter with the immobile, stone face had let himself down on the armchair
- precious stone, also an imitation of a precious stone
- rets akmens ― rare (gem)stone
- īsti akmeņi ― real, genuine (gem)stone
- gredzens ar akmeni ― ring with a (precious) stone
- pulkstenis ar piecpadsmit akmeņiem ― a clock with fifteen gems
- (medicine, anatomy) stone, calculus (a hard, usually saline, formation in the body)
- žults akmeņi ― gall stones
- zobu akmens, zobakmens ― tartar (lit. teeth stone)
- nieru akmeņi veidojas nieru bļodiņās ― kidney stones are formed in the renal pelvis
- residue left in certain objects
- katla akmens ― boiler stone (= mineral deposits on boiler walls resulting from boiling water)
Declension
[edit]singular (vienskaitlis) | plural (daudzskaitlis) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (nominatīvs) | akmens | akmeņi |
accusative (akuzatīvs) | akmeni | akmeņus |
genitive (ģenitīvs) | akmens | akmeņu |
dative (datīvs) | akmenim | akmeņiem |
instrumental (instrumentālis) | akmeni | akmeņiem |
locative (lokatīvs) | akmenī | akmeņos |
vocative (vokatīvs) | akmeni | akmeņi |
Synonyms
[edit]- (of "earthen material"): ieži
- (of "rock", "boulder"): klints, laukakmens
- (of "precious stone"): dārgakmens
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “akmens”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
Lithuanian
[edit]Noun
[edit]akmeñs
- Latvian etymologies from LEV
- Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Latvian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latvian terms with audio links
- Latvian lemmas
- Latvian nouns
- Latvian masculine nouns
- Latvian terms with usage examples
- lv:Medicine
- lv:Anatomy
- Latvian second declension nouns
- Latvian second declension nouns in -s
- Latvian noun forms
- lv:Geology
- lv:Mineralogy
- Lithuanian non-lemma forms
- Lithuanian noun forms