arbitror

Latin

Etymology

Etymology tree

Latin arbiter

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin arbitror

From arbiter + -ō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈar.bɪ.trɔr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈar.bi.tror]

Verb

arbitror (present infinitive arbitrārī or arbitrārier, perfect active arbitrātus sum); first conjugation, deponent

1. to judge, arbitrate
2. to witness, observe
3. to believe, think

   Synonyms: sentio, reor, existimo, cogito, opinor, iudico, censeo, considero

   • 166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 60–61:

     Nōn iniūria; nam id arbitror / adprīmē in vītā esse ūtile, ut nēquid nimis.

     Not without reason; for I believe that it is an especially useful [rule] in life, that nothing [be done] in excess.

4. to consider, be of the opinion

   Synonyms: considero, reputo, existimo, puto, pendo

   • c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Iob.13.24:

     Cur faciem tuam abscondis et arbitraris me inimicum tuum?

     Why hide you your face, and hold me for your enemy?

   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico VII.18:

     Quo nostros postero die pabulatum venturos arbitraretur.

     Where he believed that our [soldiers] would come the next day to forage.

5. to examine, consider, weigh

   Synonyms: aspiciō, cōnsīderō, circumspiciō, reputō, exsequor

Conjugation

   Conjugation of arbitror (first conjugation, deponent)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	arbitror		arbitrāris, arbitrāre		arbitrātur		arbitrāmur		arbitrāminī		arbitrantur
	imperfect	arbitrābar		arbitrābāris, arbitrābāre		arbitrābātur		arbitrābāmur		arbitrābāminī		arbitrābantur
	future	arbitrābor		arbitrāberis, arbitrābere		arbitrābitur		arbitrābimur		arbitrābiminī		arbitrābuntur
	perfect	arbitrātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	arbitrātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	arbitrātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	arbitrer		arbitrēris, arbitrēre		arbitrētur		arbitrēmur		arbitrēminī		arbitrentur
	imperfect	arbitrārer		arbitrārēris, arbitrārēre		arbitrārētur		arbitrārēmur		arbitrārēminī		arbitrārentur
	perfect	arbitrātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	arbitrātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		arbitrāre		—		—		arbitrāminī		—
	future	—		arbitrātor, arbitrāminō		arbitrātor		—		—		arbitrantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		arbitrārī, arbitrārier1			—			arbitrāns			—
future		arbitrātūrum esse			—			arbitrātūrus			arbitrandus
perfect		arbitrātum esse			—			arbitrātus			—
future perfect		arbitrātum fore			—			—			—
perfect potential		arbitrātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		arbitrandī		arbitrandō		arbitrandum		arbitrandō		arbitrātum		arbitrātū

¹The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

• The second-person future active imperative in -minō is attested in Plautus, Epidicus 695.

Descendants

• Old Leonese: alvedrar, alujdrar
  • Asturian: albidrar, albidriar
  • Leonese: albidrare
• Portuguese: alvidrar
• → Asturian: arbitrar
• → Catalan: arbitrar
• → English: arbitrate
• → French: arbitrer
• → Galician: arbitrar
• → Italian: arbitrare
• → Portuguese: alvitrar, arbitrar
• → Romanian: arbitra
• → Spanish: arbitrar

References

• arbitror in Karl Ernst Georges, Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch
• “arbitror”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “arbitror”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “arbitror”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to feel superior to the affairs of life: res humanas infra se positas arbitrari
    
  • to consider a thing beneath one's dignity: aliquid infra se ducere or infra se positum arbitrari
    
• arbitror in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016