koło

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See also: kolo and kóló

Lower Sorbian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Upper Sorbian koło, from Proto-Slavic *kolo.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

koło n inan

  1. (literary) circular object
  2. round dance

Declension[edit]

Declension of koło
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative koło kole koła
Genitive koła kołowu kołow
Dative kołoju, kołu kołoma kołam
Accusative koło kole koła
Instrumental kołom kołoma kołami
Locative kole kołoma kołach

References[edit]

Masurian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Old Polish koło.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ˈkɔwɔ]
  • Syllabification: ko‧ło

Noun[edit]

koło n (diminutive kółko)

  1. wheel (round simple machine allowing vehicles to move)
  2. wheel (simple machine on an axis allowing for rotation)
  3. spinning wheel
  4. warping machine (simple machine that allows one to arrange strands of thread, etc., so that they run lengthwise in weaving)
  5. bicycle
  6. circle (part of the plane bounded by a curve)

Preposition[edit]

koło [+genitive]

  1. around, near, close to, next to, by
  2. denotes a part belonging to a whole; of
  3. around (forming a circle around)
  4. denotes the subject of work, tool or profession
  5. denotes place of work; around
  6. denotes approximate location or time; around

Further reading[edit]

  • Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2021) “I. koło, II. koło”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎[3], volume 3, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 255-256

Old Polish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kȍlo. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ˈkɔɫɔ/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈkɔɫɔ/

Noun[edit]

koło n (diminutive kółko, related adjective kołowy)

  1. circle (round shape)
    • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎[4], page 72:
      Kyedy nad Rzymem chodzylo kolo yakoby slota korona (circulus... corona velut aurea)
      [Kiedy nad Rzymem chodziło koło jakoby złota korona (circulus... corona velut aurea)]
  2. wheel (round device that allows a vehicle to move)
    • 1856-1870 [1399], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki, volume VIII, number 8335:
      Nicolaus... contra Zegotam... et contra IIII-or kmetones... pro XXX curribus sepis et pro XV cola
      [Nicolaus... contra Żegotam... et contra IIII-or kmetones... pro XXX curribus sepis et pro XV koła]
    • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 59r:
      Gumpha est pars rote eyn nab an dem rad spyczą v kolą
      [Gumpha est pars rote eyn nab an dem rad śpica u koła]
    • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 129v:
      Spula czolnek radius idem vel spyczą v kolą
      [Spula czołnek radius idem vel śpica u kola]
  3. wheel (spinning object i.e. on a mill)
    • 1959 [1426], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 1238:
      Pani Przechna ne podnosla cola v mlyna w Zeloney Dambrowe visech, nysly iaco mlynarze crolewscy... vstavily
      [Pani Przechna nie podniosła koła u młyna w Zielonej Dąbrowie wyszej, niżli jako młynarze krolewscy... ustawili]

Derived terms[edit]

adverbs
nouns

Descendants[edit]

  • Masurian: koło
  • Polish: koło
  • Silesian: koło

References[edit]

Polish[edit]

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl
koło

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Old Polish koło. Doublet of kolo. Related to English cycle and wheel.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

koło n (diminutive kółko)

  1. circle (part of the plane bounded by a curve)
    Synonym: krąg
  2. circle (line enclosing such a plane)
    Synonym: krąg
  3. wheel (round simple machine allowing vehicles to move)
    napęd na cztery koła ― four-wheel drive
  4. wheel (simple machine on an axis allowing for rotation)
  5. circle (anything round)
  6. circle (enclosure made by people usually holding hands, often as a children's game)
  7. (historical) breaking wheel
  8. circle (specific groups of persons; especially one who shares a common interest)
    Synonym: grono
  9. (colloquial, chiefly in the genitive singular, or less frequently in the genitive plural) grand, one thousand zloty
    To kosztuje sześć koła ― This costs six thousand zloty.
  10. (historical, in medieval Poland) assembly of councilors, meeting of an assembly
  11. kolo (Slavic dance in which dancers stand in a circle and hold hands)
  12. (obsolete) bicycle (two wheeled vehicle, usually powered with the feet)
    Synonym: rower
  13. (obsolete) rotating false wardrobe leading to a hidden room (Is there an English equivalent to this definition?)
    Synonym: kołowrót
  14. (Middle Polish, astronomy) orbit (path of celestial body)
    Synonym: orbita
  15. (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.
    • 1557, M. Bielski, Komedyja Justyna i Konstancyjej‎[5], page G4:
      Lepyey wynidź s cżyſtą myſlą w pole/ Niż ſie tocżyć w ciemne kąty w kole

Declension[edit]

Declension of koło
singular plural
nominative koło koła
genitive koła kół
dative kołu kołom
accusative koło koła
instrumental kołem kołami
locative kole kołach
vocative koło koła

Derived terms[edit]

adverbs
idioms
nouns
phrases
verbs

Trivia[edit]

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), koło (noun) is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 29 times in scientific texts, 58 times in news, 19 times in essays, 12 times in fiction, and 4 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 122 times, making it the 493rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

Preposition[edit]

koło [+genitive]

  1. around, near, close to, next to, by
    Synonyms: niedaleko, obok, podle, przy
    Usiądź koło niej. ― Sit near her.
  2. (colloquial) around, about (in the vicinity of)
    Synonym: około
    koło dziewiątej ― at about nine o’clock
  3. (archaic) in relation to
    Synonym: około
  4. around (forming a circle around)
    Synonym: wokół
  5. (obsolete) thanks to; because of
    Synonyms: dzięki, z powodu
  6. (Middle Polish) about, concerning
    Synonym: o
  7. (Middle Polish) when it comes to
    Synonym: jeśli chodzi o

Trivia[edit]

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), koło is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 7 times in scientific texts, 10 times in news, 1 time in essays, 23 times in fiction, and 18 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 59 times, making it the 1089th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[2]

Particle[edit]

koło

  1. about, around, approximately
    Synonym: około

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “koło (noun)”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 185
  2. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “koło”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[2] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 185

Further reading[edit]

  • koło in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • koło in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1. koło”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “2. koło”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • “KOŁO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 21.05.2014
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “koło”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎[6]
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “koło”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎[7]
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “koło”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎[8] (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 409
  • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “koło 2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

Silesian[edit]

Silesian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia szl

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Old Polish koło.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈkɔwɔ/
  • Rhymes: -ɔwɔ
  • Syllabification: ko‧ło

Noun[edit]

koło n (diminutive kōłko)

  1. circle (round shape)
  2. (colloquial) edge of a circle
  3. wheel (simple machine with an axle that allows for rotation, often allowing vehicles to move)
  4. circle (group of people with similar interests)
  5. bicycle (two wheeled vehicle, usually powered with the feet)
    Synonyms: (Cieszyn) bicykel, (derogatory) keciŏk, (jocular) pyńdzidło

Declension[edit]

Declension of koło
singular plural
nominative koło koła
genitive koła kōł
dative kołu kołōm
accusative koło koła
instrumental kołym kołami/kołōma
locative kole kołach
vocative koło koła

Preposition[edit]

koło

  1. around, near, close to [+genitive]
    Synonyms: blisko, kole, po blisku, przi, wedle, wele

Further reading[edit]

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