mḫꜣ

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Egyptian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Ultimately a derivation of ḫꜣj (“to measure”). Compare the noun mḫꜣt (“balance scales”), apparently formed with the nominalizing prefix m-, which suggests that this verb is probably a back-formation from the noun, as already put forward by Gardiner.[1]

Verb[edit]

ma
x		 xAAU38

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to bring (a balance scale) into equilibrium, to balance (scales) [Old Kingdom]
  2. (transitive) to match, to equal [Middle Kingdom literature]
  3. (transitive) to make (two things) equal or level, to counterpoise [New Kingdom]
  4. (transitive) to level (the floor), to make level or flat [New Kingdom]
  5. (transitive) to friendlily incline (one’s heart/mind) (+ n: to (someone)) [New Kingdom]
  6. (transitive, with r) to adjust (one’s mouth) to (one’s bones) in the Opening of the Mouth ritual [Pyramid Texts]
  7. (intransitive) to be perfectly balanced or (figuratively) right-acting [New Kingdom]
  8. (intransitive, with n, Late Egyptian) to be like, to resemble (someone or something)
Inflection[edit]
Conjugation of mḫꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: mḫꜣ, geminated stem: mḫꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣw, mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣt
 mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
mḫꜣ
 ḥr mḫꜣ
 m mḫꜣ
 r mḫꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect mḫꜣ.n
 mḫꜣw, mḫꜣ
 consecutive mḫꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative mḫꜣt
perfective3 mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 mḫꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣꜣ
 potentialis1 mḫꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect mḫꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣ, mḫꜣw5, mḫꜣy5
imperfective mḫꜣ, mḫꜣy, mḫꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 mḫꜣ, mḫꜣj6, mḫꜣy6
 mḫꜣ, mḫꜣw5
prospective mḫꜣ, mḫꜣtj7
 — mḫꜣtj4, mḫꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms[edit]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mḫꜣ  
U91
G20xAADbaDbaY1V
m&a xAAA2
M
a		 xAAU38
M
a		 xADbaDbaY1V
ma
x		 U38
mḫꜣ mḫꜣ mḫꜣ mḫꜣ mḫꜣ mḫꜣ
[Old Kingdom] [since the Middle Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [Theban royal tombs]

Etymology 2[edit]

Verb[edit]

G20xAAWZ9A24

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to tie up, to bind (people or captured birds) [Middle Kingdom literature and Late Egyptian]
Inflection[edit]
Conjugation of mḫꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: mḫꜣ, geminated stem: mḫꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣw, mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣt
 mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
mḫꜣ
 ḥr mḫꜣ
 m mḫꜣ
 r mḫꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect mḫꜣ.n
 mḫꜣw, mḫꜣ
 consecutive mḫꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative mḫꜣt
perfective3 mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 mḫꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣꜣ
 potentialis1 mḫꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect mḫꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective mḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 mḫꜣ
 mḫꜣ, mḫꜣw5, mḫꜣy5
imperfective mḫꜣ, mḫꜣy, mḫꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 mḫꜣ, mḫꜣj6, mḫꜣy6
 mḫꜣ, mḫꜣw5
prospective mḫꜣ, mḫꜣtj7
 — mḫꜣtj4, mḫꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms[edit]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mḫꜣ  
m&a xAAiWsSA24
m&a xAAW
Z9		 A24
mḫꜣj mḫꜣ

Noun[edit]

G20xAAsS

 m

  1. (Late Egyptian) binding rope
  2. (Late Egyptian) part of a chariot: loop of rope, strap?
Inflection[edit]
Declension of mḫꜣ (masculine)
singular mḫꜣ
dual mḫꜣwj
plural mḫꜣw
Descendants[edit]
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙϣⲓ (amši)

Etymology 3[edit]

Noun[edit]

G20xAApr

 m

  1. (Late Egyptian) woodshed
Inflection[edit]
Declension of mḫꜣ (masculine)
singular mḫꜣ
dual mḫꜣwj
plural mḫꜣw
Alternative forms[edit]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mḫꜣ  
m&a xAAW
pr
mḫꜣw

Etymology 4[edit]

Noun[edit]

G20xAAD51
D40

 m

  1. (Late Egyptian) a unit by which figs are counted, perhaps a wreath of figs
Inflection[edit]
Declension of mḫꜣ (masculine)
singular mḫꜣ
dual mḫꜣwj
plural mḫꜣw

References[edit]

  • “mḫꜣ (lemma ID 74230)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “mḫꜣ (lemma ID 74240)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “mḫꜣ (lemma ID 74280)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “mḫꜣ (lemma ID 74260)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[4], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “mḫꜣ (lemma ID 74250)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[5], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎[6], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 130.1–130.6, 130.14–131.5
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 115
  • Gardiner, Alan (1916) Notes on the Story of Sinuhe, page 49
  1. ^ Gardiner, Alan (1916) Notes on the Story of Sinuhe, page 49
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