po-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "po"

Czech

Alternative forms

pů- (more frequently for substantives, but also verbs)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech po-, pó-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [po ]

Prefix

po-

Perfective aspect
‎po- + ‎žádat → ‎požádat (“to ask”)
(as an imperfective verb) (often used with se or si) intensification: added to mean to do X during a certain time period (rather calmly, enjoying it)
‎po- + ‎přemítat (“reflect on sth”) → ‎popřemítat si (“reflect for some time”)
after-, as in pozdě late, from po
unto-, at-, along-, as in place names
‎po- + ‎Balt + ‎-í → ‎Pobaltí (“the Baltics, Baltic states”)

‎po- + ‎Dněstr + ‎-í → ‎Podněstří (“Transnistria, Pridnestrovie”)

‎po- + ‎hranice + ‎-í → ‎pohraničí (“borderland, frontier”)

‎po- + ‎moře + ‎-an + ‎-sko → ‎Pomořansko (“Pomerania”)

‎po- + ‎Rúr + ‎-í → ‎Porúří (“Ruhr district”)

‎po- + ‎Rýn + ‎-í → ‎Porýní (“Rhineland”)

‎po- + ‎voda + ‎-í → ‎povodí (“drainage basin”)

Derived terms

Czech terms prefixed with po-

Esperanto

Prefix

po-

A prefix having a similar distributive meaning as the preposition po.
vendi pogrande ― sell wholesale

la ponumera prezo ― the price per issue

poiom ― bit by bit

Antonyms

-ope

Derived terms

Related terms

po

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, zero-grade of *h₂epo (whence ab).

Prefix

po-

off, away

Derived terms

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Slavic *po-

Old Polish po-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /pɔ/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /pɔ/

Prefix

po-

perfectivizing prefix
‎po- + ‎karmić → ‎pokarmić

Derived terms

Descendants

Polish: po-

Pagu

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /po/

Prefix

po-

we (first-person plural inclusive subject prefix)
Synonym: wo-

potagi ― we go

References

Perangin Angin, Dalan Mehuli (2018) A descriptive grammar of the Pagu language (Thesis)‎^[1], University of Hong Kong
Perangin Angin, Dalan Mehuli (2023), Kamus Pagu-Indonesia-Inggris, Jakarta: Penerbit BRIN

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Slavic *po-

Old Polish po-

Polish po-

Inherited from Old Polish po-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɔ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔ
Syllabification: po-

Prefix

po-

prepended to imperfective verbs to form iterative perfectives
‎po- + ‎narzekać → ‎ponarzekać

‎po- + ‎nalepiać → ‎ponalepiać
prepended to imperfective verbs to create semelfactive perfectives
‎po- + ‎grzebać → ‎pogrzebać
after-
‎po- + ‎świat → ‎poświata
unto-, at-, along-, as in place names
‎po- + ‎morze + ‎-e → ‎Pomorze

‎po- + ‎dół + ‎-e → ‎Podole

‎po- + ‎granica + ‎-e → ‎pogranicze

‎po- + ‎jezioro + ‎-e → ‎pojezierze

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with po-

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po-, from *po, whence also comes the Serbo-Croatian preposition po.

Prefix

po- (Cyrillic spelling по-)

marks the perfective aspect
after, on, a-

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po. See po.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɔ/, [pɔ]

Prefix

po-

prefix used to form verbs
1. over-, on (denoting action performed on the surface, such as covering, coating, or smearing)
  ‎po- + ‎kryť → ‎pokryť (“to cover over”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎liať → ‎poliať (“to pour over/water”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎soliť → ‎posoliť (“to salt/season with salt”)
2. denoting the acquisition or bestowing of a quality expressed by the word base
  ‎po- + ‎slovenský + ‎-iť → ‎poslovenčiť (“to Slovakize”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎silný + ‎-iť → ‎posilniť (“to strengthen”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎lepší + ‎-iť → ‎polepšiť (“to improve oneself”)
3. denoting the gradual completion of an action involving multiple objects or subjects (distributive)
  ‎po- + ‎brať → ‎pobrať (“to take/collect all”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎zatvárať → ‎pozatvárať (“to close (all) one by one”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎skladať → ‎poskladať (“to assemble/fold (multiple items)”)
4. denoting a high degree or full intensity of an action
  ‎po- + ‎jašiť → ‎pojašiť (“to go crazy/wild”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎trhať → ‎potrhať (“to tear to pieces/shred”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎krčiť → ‎pokrčiť (“to crumple thoroughly”)
5. denoting a small degree or slight intensity of an action (attenuative)
  ‎po- + ‎blednúť → ‎poblednúť (“to turn slightly pale”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎skočiť → ‎poskočiť (“to hop/jump slightly”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎usmiať sa → ‎pousmiať sa (“to give a slight smile”)
6. denoting a specific duration of an action, often with the sense of “for a while” or “to one's satisfaction”
  ‎po- + ‎sedieť → ‎posedieť (“to sit for a while”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎spať → ‎pospať (“to have a good sleep”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎čakať → ‎počkať (“to wait for a bit”)
7. from a frequentative verb: denoting an action that occurs intermittently, occasionally, or repeatedly
  ‎po- + ‎bolievať → ‎pobolievať (“to ache occasionally”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎píjať → ‎popíjať (“to sip/drink slowly over time”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎kašlávať → ‎pokašlávať (“to cough intermittently”)
8. denoting the simple completion or result of an action
  ‎po- + ‎dojiť → ‎podojiť (“to milk”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎balamutiť → ‎pobalamutiť (“to confuse/bamboozle”)
9. used for expressive or emphatic function where the prefix is semantically redundant
  ‎po- + ‎bozkať → ‎pobozkať (“to kiss”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎darovať → ‎podarovať (“to give a gift”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎stretnúť → ‎postretnúť (“to encounter/happen to”)
10. forming the perfective aspect of various verbs
  ‎po- + ‎chváliť → ‎pochváliť (“to praise”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎trestať → ‎potrestať (“to punish”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎ďakovať → ‎poďakovať (“to thank”)
11. will (used with certain verbs of motion to form the future tense)
  ‎po- + ‎ísť → ‎pôjde (“he/she/it will go”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎bežať → ‎pobeží (“he/she/it will run”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎niesť → ‎ponesie (“he/she/it will carry”)
prefix used to form nouns
1. found in deverbative nouns from verbs with the prefix po-
  pochváliť → pochvala (“praise”)
  
  pokročiť → pokrok (“progress”)
2. denoting a geographical region or vicinity, especially surrounding rivers, often a part of the circumfix po- + -ie
  ‎po- + ‎Váh + ‎-ie → ‎Považie (“the Váh river region”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎hranica + ‎-ie → ‎pohraničie (“borderlands”)
prefix used to form adjectives
1. post- (denoting that something occurs after a specific event or time)
  ‎po- + ‎vojna + ‎-ový → ‎povojnový (“post-war”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎Vianoce + ‎-ný → ‎povianočný (“post-Christmas”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎smrť + ‎-ný → ‎posmrtný (“posthumous”)
2. -ish (denoting a slight quality or a faint tint of a color)
  ‎po- + ‎biely + ‎-vý → ‎pobelavý (“whitish”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎čierny → ‎počerný (“darkish/swarthy”)
3. denoting location or characteristic presence in a specific environment
  ‎po- + ‎ulica + ‎-ný → ‎pouličný (“street- (e.g. street light)”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎zem + ‎-ný → ‎pozemný (“land/ground- (e.g. land forces)”)
prefix used to form pronouns and numerals
1. creating stylistic variants of indefinite pronouns or numerals
  ‎po- + ‎niektorí → ‎poniektorí (“some/certain ones”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎jeden → ‎podajeden (“one or another”)
prefix found adverbs, usually as a relict of a former prepositional phrase with po
1. in adverbs of manner
  ‎po- + ‎pamäť → ‎popamäti (“by memory/by heart”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎sedieť + ‎-ky → ‎posediačky (“sitting down”)
2. after, since (denoting time following a specific boundary)
  ‎po- + ‎obed → ‎poobede (“in the afternoon”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎zajtra → ‎pozajtra (“the day after tomorrow”)
3. until, up to (denoting a temporal or spatial limit)
  ‎po- + ‎dnes → ‎podnes (“until today”)
  
  ‎po- + ‎-tiaľ + ‎-to → ‎potiaľto (“up to here”)
4. denoting spatial proximity
  ‎po- + ‎ruka → ‎poruke (“at hand/handy”)

Derived terms

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *po-. Prefixed form of the preposition po.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɔ-/

Prefix

po-

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
1. (no change in meaning)
  ‎po- + ‎jẹ́sti (“to eat”) → ‎pojẹ́sti (“to eat”)
2. for a while
  ‎po- + ‎spáti (“to sleep”) → ‎pospáti (“to sleep for a while”)
3. one after another
  ‎po- + ‎gubīti (“to lose”) → ‎pogubīti (“to lose one after another”)

Derived terms

			independent	subject prefix	object prefix¹	possessive prefix
singular	1st person		ngoi	to-, ta-²	i-	ai-
	2nd person		ngona	no-, na-²	ni-	ani-
	3rd person	masculine	una	wo-, wa-²	wi-	awi-
		feminine	muna	mo-, ma-²	mi-	ami-
		non-human		i-	a-
plural	1st person	exclusive	ngomi	mio-³, mia-²	mi-	mia-
	1st person	inclusive	ngone	wo-, wa-² po-, pa-²	na-	nanga-
	2nd person		ngini	nio-³, nia-²	ni-	nia-
	3rd person		ona	yo-⁴, ya-²	ki-	manga-
¹⁾ Object prefix is attached after a subject prefix and before a derivational prefix and a verb, e.g. Uwa niwisigisen. ‘Don't listen to him.’ ²⁾ Used if the direct object is a third-person non-human object, e.g. to- + a- → ta-, etc. ³⁾ When it is attached to an object prefix, it loses the -o, e.g. mio- + ni- → mini- (except when it is attached to the third-person plural object prefix ki-, e.g. mio- + ki- → mioki-). ⁴⁾ Attached to the first-person singular object prefix i-, the prefix yo- becomes i-, i.e. yo- + i- → ini-.

Czech

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Esperanto

Prefix

Antonyms

Derived terms

Related terms

Latin

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

References

Old Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Descendants

Pagu

Pronunciation

Prefix

See also

References

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Prefix

Slovak

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Slovene

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms