turma

See also: turmă, turmã, and turmą

Catalan

Etymology

Probably from a pre-Roman root.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [ˈtur.mə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈtuɾ.ma]
• IPA^(key): (Northwestern) [ˈtur.ma]

Noun

turma f (plural turmes)

1. animal testicle

Hypernyms

• testicle

Further reading

• “turma”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Finnish

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (compare Icelandic tyrma (“to overwhelm”)), although disputed by LÄGLOS on the grounds that the Germanic word only has a narrow distribution and thus may not be that old. Related to Livvi turmu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈturmɑ/, [ˈt̪urmɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -urmɑ
• Syllabification^(key): tur‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): tur‧ma

Noun

turma

1. accident, especially one with casualties (dead or injured)
2. (poetic) ruin, destruction

Declension

Inflection of turma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		turma	turmat
genitive		turman	turmien
partitive		turmaa	turmia
illative		turmaan	turmiin
		singular	plural
nominative		turma	turmat
accusative	nom.	turma	turmat
	gen.	turman
genitive		turman	turmien turmain rare
partitive		turmaa	turmia
inessive		turmassa	turmissa
elative		turmasta	turmista
illative		turmaan	turmiin
adessive		turmalla	turmilla
ablative		turmalta	turmilta
allative		turmalle	turmille
essive		turmana	turmina
translative		turmaksi	turmiksi
abessive		turmatta	turmitta
instructive		—	turmin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of turma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative turmani turmani accusative nom. turmani turmani gen. turmani genitive turmani turmieni turmaini rare partitive turmaani turmiani inessive turmassani turmissani elative turmastani turmistani illative turmaani turmiini adessive turmallani turmillani ablative turmaltani turmiltani allative turmalleni turmilleni essive turmanani turminani translative turmakseni turmikseni abessive turmattani turmittani instructive — — comitative — turmineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative turmasi turmasi accusative nom. turmasi turmasi gen. turmasi genitive turmasi turmiesi turmaisi rare partitive turmaasi turmiasi inessive turmassasi turmissasi elative turmastasi turmistasi illative turmaasi turmiisi adessive turmallasi turmillasi ablative turmaltasi turmiltasi allative turmallesi turmillesi essive turmanasi turminasi translative turmaksesi turmiksesi abessive turmattasi turmittasi instructive — — comitative — turminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative turmamme turmamme accusative nom. turmamme turmamme gen. turmamme genitive turmamme turmiemme turmaimme rare partitive turmaamme turmiamme inessive turmassamme turmissamme elative turmastamme turmistamme illative turmaamme turmiimme adessive turmallamme turmillamme ablative turmaltamme turmiltamme allative turmallemme turmillemme essive turmanamme turminamme translative turmaksemme turmiksemme abessive turmattamme turmittamme instructive — — comitative — turminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative turmanne turmanne accusative nom. turmanne turmanne gen. turmanne genitive turmanne turmienne turmainne rare partitive turmaanne turmianne inessive turmassanne turmissanne elative turmastanne turmistanne illative turmaanne turmiinne adessive turmallanne turmillanne ablative turmaltanne turmiltanne allative turmallenne turmillenne essive turmananne turminanne translative turmaksenne turmiksenne abessive turmattanne turmittanne instructive — — comitative — turminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative turmansa turmansa accusative nom. turmansa turmansa gen. turmansa genitive turmansa turmiensa turmainsa rare partitive turmaansa turmiaan turmiansa inessive turmassaan turmassansa turmissaan turmissansa elative turmastaan turmastansa turmistaan turmistansa illative turmaansa turmiinsa adessive turmallaan turmallansa turmillaan turmillansa ablative turmaltaan turmaltansa turmiltaan turmiltansa allative turmalleen turmallensa turmilleen turmillensa essive turmanaan turmanansa turminaan turminansa translative turmakseen turmaksensa turmikseen turmiksensa abessive turmattaan turmattansa turmittaan turmittansa instructive — — comitative — turmineen turminensa

Derived terms

• turmella
• turmio (“ruin, something which leads to serious troubles”)

compounds

• autoturma
• bussiturma
• junaturma
• laivaturma
• lentoturma
• liikenneturma
• meriturma
• tapaturma
• turma-auto
• turmabussi
• turmahetki
• turmakone
• turmapaikka
• työturma
• öljyturma

Further reading

• “turma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Anagrams

• murat, rumat

Latin

Etymology

Probably related to turba.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈtʊr.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈtur.ma]

Noun

turma f (genitive turmae); first declension

1. a troop, squadron of cavalry, team
2. (in general) a troop, crowd, company, throng, band, body

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	turma	turmae
genitive	turmae	turmārum
dative	turmae	turmīs
accusative	turmam	turmās
ablative	turmā	turmīs
vocative	turma	turmae

Derived terms

• turmālis
• turmāriī
• turmātim

Descendants

• → Albanian: turmë
• → Ancient Greek: τύρμα (túrma), τούρμα (toúrma)
  • Byzantine Greek: τούρμα (toúrma)
• Aromanian: turmã
• Friulian: torme
• Italian: torma
• → Portuguese: turma
• Romanian: turmă
• → Spanish: turma (semi-learned)

References

• “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "turma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “turma”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “turma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “turma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Polish

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈtur.ma/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈtur.ma/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -urma
• Syllabification: tur‧ma

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Turm. Doublet of turnia.

Alternative forms

• tiurma, torma

Noun

turma f (related adjective (Middle Polish) turemny)

1. (archaic) prison

   Synonyms: więzienie, ciupa

2. (figurative) burden, fetters, shackles

   Synonyms: brzemię, pęta, więzy

3. (Middle Polish, games) type of game

Declension

Declension of turma

	singular	plural
nominative	turma	turmy
genitive	turmy	turm
dative	turmie	turmom
accusative	turmę	turmy
instrumental	turmą	turmami
locative	turmie	turmach
vocative	turmo	turmy

Derived terms

nouns

• turemnik

Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin turma.

Noun

turma f

1. (Middle Polish) crowd, flock, group

   Synonyms: gromada, grupa, kupa

2. (historical, military) smallest cavalry unit in ancient Rome

Declension

Declension of turma

	singular	plural
nominative	turma	turmy
genitive	turmy	turm
dative	turmie	turmom
accusative	turmę	turmy
instrumental	turmą	turmami
locative	turmie	turmach
vocative	turmo	turmy

Further reading

• “turma”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[2] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “turma”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[3] (in Polish)
• “TURMA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 28.05.2021
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “turma”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 171
• turma in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
• Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “turma”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin turma (“crowd, company”), perhaps a borrowing. Compare Italian torma.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈtuʁ.mɐ/ [ˈtuɦ.mɐ]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈtuʁ.mɐ/ [ˈtuɦ.mɐ]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈtuɾ.mɐ/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈtuʁ.mɐ/
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈtuɻ.mɐ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈtuɾ.mɐ/

Noun

turma f (plural turmas)

1. a group of people
2. gang (number of friends)
3. class (group of students who commenced or completed their education during a particular year)
   • 2006, Editora Sinodal, Celebrar Natal em família e comunidade, →ISBN, page 32:

     Participar de um amigo secreto realmente é bastante divertido, principalmente quando a turma é animada. Porém, no final da brincadeira, ganhar algo que não agrada pode ser decepcionante.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Further reading

• “turma”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “turma”, in Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2026
• “turma”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtur.ma/
• Rhymes: -urma
• Hyphenation: tur‧ma

Noun

turma

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of turmă (“herd”)

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtuɾma/ [ˈt̪uɾ.ma]
• Rhymes: -uɾma
• Syllabification: tur‧ma

Noun

turma f (plural turmas)

1. testicle

   Synonyms: bolsa, cojón, testículo, bola, huevo, pelota

2. a kind of potato

Derived terms

• turma de tierra

Further reading

• “turma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025