wꜣḏ

Egyptian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Possibly from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *wrḳ-.^[1] If so, cognate with Proto-Semitic *waraq- (“green”).

Pronunciation[edit]

(verb): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʀacʼ/ → /ˈwaːʀatʼ/ → /ˈwaːʔətʼ/ → /ˈwoːʔətʼ/

(adjective): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʀicʼ/ → /ˈwaːʀitʼ/ → /ˈwaːʔətʼ/ → /ˈwoːʔətʼ/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /wɑd͡ʒ/
- Conventional anglicization: wadj

Noun[edit]

m

papyrus stem (with an umbel)
symbol of Lower Egypt

Inflection[edit]

Declension of wꜣḏ (masculine)

singular	wꜣḏ
dual	wꜣḏwj
plural	wꜣḏw

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wꜣḏ

wꜣḏ

Noun[edit]

m

(usually in the plural) a papyriform column or pillar

Inflection[edit]

Declension of wꜣḏ (masculine)

singular	wꜣḏ
dual	wꜣḏwj
plural	wꜣḏw

Noun[edit]

m

a papyrus-stem-shaped amulet conveying freshness and vigour

Inflection[edit]

Declension of wꜣḏ (masculine)

singular	wꜣḏ
dual	wꜣḏwj
plural	wꜣḏw

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wꜣḏ

wꜣḏ

Verb[edit]

3-lit.

(intransitive) to be(come) green
(intransitive) to be(come) fresh
(intransitive) to thrive, to flourish

Inflection[edit]

Conjugation of wꜣḏ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wꜣḏ, geminated stem: wꜣḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
wꜣḏ	wꜣḏw, wꜣḏ	wꜣḏt	wꜣḏ	wꜣḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
wꜣḏ	ḥr wꜣḏ	m wꜣḏ	r wꜣḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	wꜣḏ.n	consecutive	wꜣḏ.jn
terminative	wꜣḏt	consecutive	wꜣḏ.jn
perfective³	wꜣḏ	obligative¹	wꜣḏ.ḫr
imperfective	wꜣḏ	obligative¹	wꜣḏ.ḫr
prospective³	wꜣḏ	potentialis¹	wꜣḏ.kꜣ
subjunctive	wꜣḏ	potentialis¹	wꜣḏ.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	wꜣḏ.n	—	—
perfective	wꜣḏ	wꜣḏ	wꜣḏ, wꜣḏw⁵, wꜣḏy⁵
imperfective	wꜣḏ, wꜣḏy, wꜣḏw⁵	wꜣḏ, wꜣḏj⁶, wꜣḏy⁶	wꜣḏ, wꜣḏw⁵
prospective	wꜣḏ, wꜣḏtj⁷	wꜣḏtj⁴, wꜣḏt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wꜣḏ

wꜣḏ

wꜣd

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (ouōt)
Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (ouōt)

Adjective[edit]

perfective active participle of wꜣḏ: green, fresh, thriving, vigorous

Inflection[edit]

Declension of wꜣḏ (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	wꜣḏ	wꜣḏt
dual	wꜣḏwj	wꜣḏtj
plural	wꜣḏw	wꜣḏwt¹, wꜣḏt²
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.