أن
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Arabic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Probably identical to هَمّ (hamm, “concern”) from the root ه م م (h-m-m), with sound changes typical to Arabic, as e.g. in إن (ʔin). Note also the noun هَن (han, “thing; self, synonym of نَفْس (nafs)”), often mentioned in grammars as one of “the six nouns” also known as “five nouns“, which became obsolete due to often referring to genitalia.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]أَنْ • (ʔan)
- Introduces a verb clause in place of the definite verbal noun.
- Synonym: مَا (mā)
- to, that; introduces a subjunctive verb (often corresponding to the English infinitive)
- سَيَنْتَخِبُ الشَّعْبُ رَئِيسًا جَدِيدًا بَعْدَ أَنْ يُكْتَبَ الدُّسْتُور.
- sayantaḵibu š-šaʕbu raʔīsan jadīdan baʕda ʔan yuktaba ad-dustūr.
- The people will elect a new president after the constitution is written.
- (literally, “...after [that] the constitution be written”)
- أُرِيدُ أَنْ آكُلَ.
- ʔurīdu ʔan ʔākula.
- I want to eat.
- (literally, “I want that I eat.”)
- أُرِيدُ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ.
- ʔurīdu ʔan yaʔkula.
- I want him to eat.
- (literally, “I want that he eats.”)
- that; introduces a past-tense verb
- سَبَقَ أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ
- sabaqa ʔan qultu laka ḏālika
- I already told you so.
- (literally, “it has passed that I told you so.”)
- اِنْتَخَبَ الشَّعْبُ رَئِيسًا جَدِيدًا بَعْدَ أَنْ كُتِبَ الدُّسْتُور.
- intaḵaba š-šaʕbu raʔīsan jadīdan baʕda ʔan kutiba ad-dustūr.
- The people elected a new president after the constitution was written.
- (literally, “...after [that] the constitution was written”)
- (literary) introduces reported speech
- 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 7:44:And the Companions of the Garden shall cry out to the Companions of the Fire [literally "that"] "We have found true what our Lord promised us. So did ye find true what your Lord promised you?" They shall say, "Yes", then an announcer shall announce between them [literally "that"] "God's curse is on the evildoers!"
- وَنَادَىٰ أَصْحَابُ الْجَنَّةِ أَصْحَابَ النَّارِ أَن قَدْ وَجَدْنَا مَا وَعَدَنَا رَبُّنَا حَقًّا فَهَلْ وَجَدتُّم مَّا وَعَدَ رَبُّكُمْ حَقًّا ۖ قَالُوا نَعَمْ ۚ فَأَذَّنَ مُؤَذِّنٌ بَيْنَهُمْ أَن لَّعْنَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- Form of أَنَّ (ʔanna)
- أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللّٰهُ.
- ʔašhadu ʔan lā ʔilāha ʔillā llāhu.
- I bear witness that there is no god except Allah.
- عَلِمْتُ أَنْ سَيُسَافِرُ زُهَيْرٌ
- ʕalimtu ʔan sayusāfiru zuhayrun
- I knew that Zuhayr would travel
- lest
- 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 7:172:
- وَإِذْ أَخَذَ رَبُّكَ مِنۢ بَنِىٓ ءَادَمَ مِن ظُهُورِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّتَهُمْ وَأَشْهَدَهُمْ عَلَىٰٓ أَنفُسِهِمْ أَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ ۖ قَالُوا۟ بَلَىٰ ۛ شَهِدْنَآ ۛ أَن تَقُولُوا۟ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَـٰمَةِ إِنَّا كُنَّا عَنْ هَـٰذَا غَـٰفِلِينَ
- And (remember) when your Lord brought forth from the Children of Adam, from their loins, their seed (or from Adam's loin his offspring) and made them testify as to themselves (saying): "Am I not your Lord?" They said: "Yes! We testify," lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection: "Verily, we have been unaware of this."
Usage notes
[edit]- In sense 1.2, if أَنْ (ʔan) and the clause it introduces pertain to a verb, then they are syntactically its subject. However, this clause is never allowed to precede the verb: Arabic does not accept the phrasing *أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ سَبَقَ (*ʔan qultu laka ḏālika sabaqa, literally “that I told you so has passed”).
- If the verb phrase inside the clause is relatively short, this can serve to distinguish an أَنْ-phrase from the equivalent verbal noun. A sentence like سَبَقَ أَنْ تَعَامَلْنَا (sabaqa ʔan taʕāmalnā, “we have already done business together”) is perfectly fine being reworded to تَعَامُلُنَا سَبَقَ (taʕāmulunā sabaqa) instead of سَبَقَ تَعَامُلُنَا (sabaqa taʕāmulunā), but *أَنْ تَعَامَلْنَا سَبَقَ (*ʔan taʕāmalnā sabaqa) is ungrammatical.
- Notice that sense 1 is twice shown introducing the complement of prepositions like قَبْلَ (qabla, “before”) and بَعْدَ (baʕda, “after”); this also includes phrasal ones like بِمُجَرَّدِ (bi-mujarradi, “as soon as”, بِـ (bi-, “with”) + مُجَرَّد (mujarrad, “merely”)). If this preposition is in a past context, then the verb inside the clause can in fact be either past or nonpast: the overall meaning will be past-tense either way. Compare the example above that translates to "the people elected...", which shows the use of a past-tense verb with بَعْدَ أَن (baʕda ʔan), to the following:
- مَرِضَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسَافِرَ
- mariḍa qabla ʔan yusāfira
- He fell sick before he traveled.
- (literally, “he fell sick before [that] he travel”)
Derived terms
[edit]- أَلَّا (ʔallā)
- أَلَّن (ʔallan)
- أَلَّو (ʔallaw)
- لِأَنْ (liʔan)
- لِئَلَّا (liʔallā)
- لِئَلَّن (liʔallan)
- أَن التَّفْسِيرِيَّة (ʔan at-tafsīriyya)
Etymology 2
[edit]Adverbial accusative of the noun underlying the former conjunction.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]أَنَّ • (ʔanna)
- that (introduces an equational clause or a verb phrase)
- هَلْ تَعْلَمُ أَنَّنِي أَطْوَلُ مِنْكَ؟
- hal taʕlamu ʔannanī ʔaṭwalu minka?
- Do you know that I'm taller than you?
- أَعْرِفُ أَنَّ ٱبْنَكَ سَرَقَ سَيَّارَتِي.
- ʔaʕrifu ʔanna bnaka saraqa sayyāratī.
- I know that your son stole my car.
Usage notes
[edit]- If pertaining to a verb, أَنَّ (ʔanna) and the clause it introduces are syntactically its object. This distinguishes أَنَّ (ʔanna) from أَنْ (ʔan), especially in the case outlined in the usage note above.
- أَنَّ (ʔanna) must be followed immediately by the subject of the clause it introduces, in the accusative case. An attached object pronoun can satisfy this condition.
- The sole exception is in the relevant sense of أَنْ (ʔan) above. In that case, such a subject can appear and cause the أَنَّ (ʔanna) pronunciation to resurface, but it is only optional. Compare the following alternative phrasing: أَشْهَدُ أَنَّهُ لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ
- ʔašhadu ʔannahu lā ʔilāha ʔillā l-lahu
- I bear witness that there is no god except Allah.
- The sole exception is in the relevant sense of أَنْ (ʔan) above. In that case, such a subject can appear and cause the أَنَّ (ʔanna) pronunciation to resurface, but it is only optional. Compare the following alternative phrasing:
Inflection
[edit]Inflected forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | أَنَّ (ʔanna) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
First person | أَنِّي / أَنَّنِي (ʔannī / ʔannanī) | أَنَّنَا / أَنَّا (ʔannanā / ʔannā) | |||
Second person | أَنَّكَ (ʔannaka) | أَنَّكِ (ʔannaki) | أَنَّكُمَا (ʔannakumā) | أَنَّكُمْ (ʔannakum) | أَنَّكُنَّ (ʔannakunna) |
Third person | أَنَّهُ (ʔannahu) | أَنَّهَا (ʔannahā) | أَنَّهُمَا (ʔannahumā) | أَنَّهُمْ (ʔannahum) | أَنَّهُنَّ (ʔannahunna) |
Alternative forms
[edit]- إِنَّ (ʔinna) (after certain verbs)
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- (ʾinna and her sisters) إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا (ʔinna waʔaḵawātuhā); إِنَّ (ʔinna), أَنَّ (ʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), كَأَنَّ (kaʔanna), لِأَنَّ (liʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), لَعَلَّ (laʕalla), لَيْتَ (layta), (Category: Sisters of ʾinna)
Etymology 3
[edit]From the root ء ن ن (ʔ-n-n), probably also related to the root ه م م (h-m-m) connected to the idea of worry, affect. Compare هَنَاة (hanāh, “misfortune, accident”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]أَنَّ • (ʔanna) I, non-past يَئِنُّ (yaʔinnu)
- to moan, to sough
- كُلَّمَا أَنَّ بِالْعِرَاقِ جَرِيحٌ / لَمَسَ الشَّرْقُ جَنْبَهُ فِي عُمَانِهِ
- kullamā ʔanna bi-l-ʕirāqi jarīḥun / lamasa š-šarqu janbahu fī ʕumānihi
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- to groan
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of
أَنَّ
(form-I geminate, verbal nouns أَنّ or أَنِين)verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
أَنّ or أَنِين ʔann or ʔanīn | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
ʔānn | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
maʔnūn | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ʔanantu |
ʔananta |
أَنَّ ʔanna |
ʔanantumā |
ʔannā |
ʔanannā |
ʔanantum |
ʔannū | |||
f | ʔananti |
ʔannat |
ʔannatā |
ʔanantunna |
ʔananna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaʔinnu |
taʔinnu |
yaʔinnu |
taʔinnāni |
yaʔinnāni |
naʔinnu |
taʔinnūna |
yaʔinnūna | |||
f | taʔinnīna |
taʔinnu |
taʔinnāni |
taʔninna |
yaʔninna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaʔinna |
taʔinna |
yaʔinna |
taʔinnā |
yaʔinnā |
naʔinna |
taʔinnū |
yaʔinnū | |||
f | taʔinnī |
taʔinna |
taʔinnā |
taʔninna |
yaʔninna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaʔinna or ʔaʔinni or ʔānin |
taʔinna or taʔinni or taʔnin |
yaʔinna or yaʔinni or yaʔnin |
taʔinnā |
yaʔinnā |
naʔinna or naʔinni or naʔnin |
taʔinnū |
yaʔinnū | |||
f | taʔinnī |
taʔinna or taʔinni or taʔnin |
taʔinnā |
taʔninna |
yaʔninna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | ʔinna or ʔinni or īnin |
ʔinnā |
ʔinnū |
||||||||
f | ʔinnī |
īninna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ʔunintu |
ʔuninta |
أُنَّ ʔunna |
ʔunintumā |
ʔunnā |
ʔuninnā |
ʔunintum |
ʔunnū | |||
f | ʔuninti |
ʔunnat |
ʔunnatā |
ʔunintunna |
ʔuninna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuʔannu |
tuʔannu |
yuʔannu |
tuʔannāni |
yuʔannāni |
nuʔannu |
tuʔannūna |
yuʔannūna | |||
f | tuʔannīna |
tuʔannu |
tuʔannāni |
tuʔnanna |
yuʔnanna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuʔanna |
tuʔanna |
yuʔanna |
tuʔannā |
yuʔannā |
nuʔanna |
tuʔannū |
yuʔannū | |||
f | tuʔannī |
tuʔanna |
tuʔannā |
tuʔnanna |
yuʔnanna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuʔanna or ʔuʔanni or ʔūnan |
tuʔanna or tuʔanni or tuʔnan |
yuʔanna or yuʔanni or yuʔnan |
tuʔannā |
yuʔannā |
nuʔanna or nuʔanni or nuʔnan |
tuʔannū |
yuʔannū | |||
f | tuʔannī |
tuʔanna or tuʔanni or tuʔnan |
tuʔannā |
tuʔnanna |
yuʔnanna |
Noun
[edit]أَنّ • (ʔann) m
- verbal noun of أَنَّ (ʔanna) (form I)
Declension
[edit]Declension of noun أَنّ (ʔann)
References
[edit]- Tropper, Josef (2003) “Sekundäres wortanlautendes Alif im Arabischen”, in Kogan, Leonid, editor, Studia Semitica (Orientalia: Papers of the Oriental Institute; III), Moscow, →ISBN, pages 207–209
Categories:
- Arabic terms belonging to the root ه م م
- Arabic 1-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic conjunctions
- Arabic terms with usage examples
- Arabic literary terms
- Arabic terms with quotations
- Arabic adverbial accusatives
- Arabic 2-syllable words
- Sisters of ʾinna
- Arabic terms belonging to the root ء ن ن
- Arabic verbs
- Arabic form-I verbs
- Arabic geminate verbs by conjugation
- Arabic geminate form-I verbs
- Arabic geminate verbs
- Arabic hamzated form-I verbs
- Arabic hamzated verbs
- Arabic form-I verbs with ء as first radical
- Arabic verbs with full passive
- Arabic transitive verbs
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic verbal nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic subjunctive particles