दुःख

See also: दूःख, देखो, दाख, देख, देखि, दुखी, and दुःखी

Hindi

Alternative forms

• दुख (dukh)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha). Cognate with Assamese দুখ (dukh), Bengali দু:খ (duḥkho), Odia ଦୁଃଖ (duḥkha), Marathi दुःख (duḥkha), Nepali दुःख (duḥkh), Gujarati દુઃખ (duḥkha), English dukkha.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊkʰ/, /d̪ʊ(ɦ)kʰ/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkh) m (Urdu spelling دکھ)

1. sorrow, grief, sadness

   Synonyms: ग़म (ġam), उदासी (udāsī)

   अपना दुःख मित्र के साथ बाँटना चाहिए।

   apnā duḥkh mitra ke sāth bā̃ṭnā cāhie.

   You should share your sorrows with friends.

2. suffering, distress

   Synonym: कष्ट (kaṣṭ)

   Antonym: सुख (sukh)

   उसने जीवन में बहुत दुःख उठाया।

   usne jīvan mẽ bahut duḥkh uṭhāyā.

   He has endured much suffering in his life.

Declension

Declension of दुःख (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दुःख duḥkh	दुःख duḥkh
oblique	दुःख duḥkh	दुःखों duḥkhõ
vocative	दुःख duḥkh	दुःखो duḥkho

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “दुःख”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 2304
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “दुःख”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 320
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “दुःख”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 501
• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “दुःख”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, page 312.

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (duḥkha), from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪u.ʰkʰə/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha) n

1. grief, sadness, unhappiness, sorrow

   दु:ख व्यक्त केल्याने मनावरील ओझे हलके होते।

   du:kha vyakta kelyāne manāvrīl ojhe halke hote.

   Expressing grief eases the burden on the mind.

Declension

Declension of दुःख (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	दुःख duḥkha
direct plural	दुःखे, दुःखं duḥkhae, duḥkha
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	दुःख duḥkha		दुःखे, दुःखं duḥkhae, duḥkha
oblique सामान्यरूप	दुःखा duḥkhaā		दुःखां- duḥkhaān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	दुःखाला duḥkhaālā		दुःखांना duḥkhaānnā
ergative	दुःखाने, दुःखानं duḥkhaāne, duḥkhaāna		दुःखांनी duḥkhaānnī
instrumental	दुःखाशी duḥkhaāśī		दुःखांशी duḥkhaānśī
locative सप्तमी	दुःखात duḥkhaāt		दुःखांत duḥkhaāt
vocative संबोधन	दुःखा duḥkhaā		दुःखांनो duḥkhaānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of दुःख (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	दुःखाचा duḥkhaāċā	दुःखाचे duḥkhaāċe	दुःखाची duḥkhaācī	दुःखाच्या duḥkhaācā	दुःखाचे, दुःखाचं duḥkhaāċe, duḥkhaāċa	दुःखाची duḥkhaācī	दुःखाच्या duḥkhaācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	दुःखांचा duḥkhaānċā	दुःखांचे duḥkhaānċe	दुःखांची duḥkhaāñcī	दुःखांच्या duḥkhaāncā	दुःखांचे, दुःखांचं duḥkhaānċe, duḥkhaānċa	दुःखांची duḥkhaāñcī	दुःखांच्या duḥkhaāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “दुःख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Shankar Gopal Tulpule; Anne Feldhaus (1999), “दुःख”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Nepali

Alternative forms

• दुख (dukha)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪uk̚kʰʌ], [d̪uk̞ʰʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दुक्ख, or दुखअ

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha)

1. sorrow, grief, sadness
2. suffering, distress

   Synonyms: वेदना (vedanā), कष्ट (kaṣṭa), क्लेश (kleś)

   Antonym: सुख (sukha)

3. trouble, hardship

   Synonym: तकलीफ (taklīph)

4. shortage, need

References

• “दुःख”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993), “दुःख”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• दुᳵख (duxkha)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দুঃখ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬸᬄᬔ (Balinese script)
• দুঃখ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰲𑰾𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔 (Brahmi script)
• ဒုးခ (Burmese script)
• દુઃખ (Gujarati script)
• ਦੁਃਖ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑍁𑌃𑌖 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦸꦃꦑ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂳𑂂𑂎 (Kaithi script)
• ದುಃಖ (Kannada script)
• ទុះខ (Khmer script)
• ທຸະຂ (Lao script)
• ദുഃഖ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᡠᢁᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠤᢁ᠋ᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧔𑧟𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐸𑑅𑐏 (Newa script)
• ଦୁଃଖ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢸꢁꢓ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆶𑆂𑆒 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖲𑖾𑖏 (Siddham script)
• දුඃඛ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩒𑪗𑩝 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚰𑚬𑚋 (Takri script)
• து³𑌃க² (Tamil script)
• దుఃఖ (Telugu script)
• ทุะข (Thai script)
• དུཿ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒳𑓁𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨃𑨹𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dews-?

Proto-Indo-European *dus-

Proto-Indo-Iranian *duš-

Sanskrit दुस्- (dus-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH-der.

Sanskrit खन् (khan)

Sanskrit ख (khá)?

▲

Sanskrit सु॒ख (sukhá)influ.

Sanskrit दुःख

Created as antonym to सुख n (sukhá, “ease, pleasure”), with the element दुस्- (dus-).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /duh.kʰɐ́/, [dux.kʰɐ́]
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪uh.kʰɐ/

Noun

दुः॒ख • (duḥkhá) stem, n

1. sorrow, distress, suffering, grief, misery, uneasiness, pain

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of दुः॒ख

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुः॒खम् (duḥkhám)	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खानि॑ (duḥkhā́ni) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
accusative	दुः॒खम् (duḥkhám)	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खानि॑ (duḥkhā́ni) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
instrumental	दुः॒खेन॑ (duḥkhéna)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खैः (duḥkháiḥ) दुः॒खेभिः॑¹ (duḥkhébhiḥ¹)
dative	दुः॒खाय॑ (duḥkhā́ya)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खेभ्यः॑ (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
ablative	दुः॒खात् (duḥkhā́t)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खेभ्यः॑ (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
genitive	दुः॒खस्य॑ (duḥkhásya)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खाना॑म् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खेषु॑ (duḥkhéṣu)
vocative	दुःख॑ (dúḥkha)	दुःखे॑ (dúḥkhe)	दुःखा॑नि (dúḥkhāni) दुःखा॑¹ (dúḥkhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: দুখ (dukh)
• Romani: dukh
• → Bengali: দুঃখ (dukkho), দু:খ (du:kho)
• → Central Bikol: dukha
• ⇒ Gujarati: દુઃખ (duḥkha)
• → Hindi: दुःख (duḥkh)
• → Kannada: ದುಃಖ (duḥkha)
• → Malayalam: ദുഃഖം (duḥkhaṁ)
• → Marathi: दुःख (duḥkha)
• → Nepali: दुःख (duḥkha)
• → Pali: dukkha
  • → Burmese: ဒုက္ခ (dukhka.)
  • → English: dukkha
  • → Khmer: ទុក្ខ (tuk)
  • → Lao: ທຸກ (thuk)
  • → Malay: duka
  • → Northern Thai: ᨴᩩᨠ᩠ᨡ᩺
  • → Shan: တုၵ်ႉၶႃႉ (tṵ̂k khâ̰a)
  • → Tagalog: dukhâ
  • → Thai: ทุกข์ (túk)
• → Punjabi: ਦੁੱਖ (dukkha)
• → Tagalog: dukha
• ⇒ Hindi: दुख (dukh)
• ⇒ Urdu: دکھ (dukh)
• ⇒ Marathi: दुख (dukh)
• ⇒ Nepali: दुख (dukh)
• → Odia: ଦୁଃଖ (duḥkha)
• → Tamil: துக்கம் (tukkam)
• → Telugu: దుఃఖము (duḥkhamu)

Adjective

दुः॒ख • (duḥkhá) stem

1. painful, uncomfortable, uneasy, difficult

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दुः॒ख

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुः॒खः (duḥkháḥ)	दुः॒खौ (duḥkháu) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)	दुः॒खाः (duḥkhā́ḥ) दुः॒खासः॑¹ (duḥkhā́saḥ¹)
accusative	दुः॒खम् (duḥkhám)	दुः॒खौ (duḥkháu) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)	दुः॒खान् (duḥkhā́n)
instrumental	दुः॒खेन॑ (duḥkhéna)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खैः (duḥkháiḥ) दुः॒खेभिः॑¹ (duḥkhébhiḥ¹)
dative	दुः॒खाय॑ (duḥkhā́ya)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खेभ्यः॑ (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
ablative	दुः॒खात् (duḥkhā́t)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खेभ्यः॑ (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
genitive	दुः॒खस्य॑ (duḥkhásya)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खाना॑म् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खेषु॑ (duḥkhéṣu)
vocative	दुःख॑ (dúḥkha)	दुःखौ॑ (dúḥkhau) दुःखा॑¹ (dúḥkhā¹)	दुःखाः॑ (dúḥkhāḥ) दुःखा॑सः¹ (dúḥkhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दुः॒खा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुः॒खा (duḥkhā́)	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खाः (duḥkhā́ḥ)
accusative	दुः॒खाम् (duḥkhā́m)	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खाः (duḥkhā́ḥ)
instrumental	दुः॒खया॑ (duḥkháyā) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खाभिः॑ (duḥkhā́bhiḥ)
dative	दुः॒खायै॑ (duḥkhā́yai)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खाभ्यः॑ (duḥkhā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	दुः॒खायाः॑ (duḥkhā́yāḥ) दुः॒खायै॑² (duḥkhā́yai²)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खाभ्यः॑ (duḥkhā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	दुः॒खायाः॑ (duḥkhā́yāḥ) दुः॒खायै॑² (duḥkhā́yai²)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खाना॑म् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुः॒खाया॑म् (duḥkhā́yām)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खासु॑ (duḥkhā́su)
vocative	दुःखे॑ (dúḥkhe)	दुःखे॑ (dúḥkhe)	दुःखाः॑ (dúḥkhāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दुः॒ख

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुः॒खम् (duḥkhám)	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खानि॑ (duḥkhā́ni) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
accusative	दुः॒खम् (duḥkhám)	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खानि॑ (duḥkhā́ni) दुः॒खा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
instrumental	दुः॒खेन॑ (duḥkhéna)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खैः (duḥkháiḥ) दुः॒खेभिः॑¹ (duḥkhébhiḥ¹)
dative	दुः॒खाय॑ (duḥkhā́ya)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खेभ्यः॑ (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
ablative	दुः॒खात् (duḥkhā́t)	दुः॒खाभ्या॑म् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुः॒खेभ्यः॑ (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
genitive	दुः॒खस्य॑ (duḥkhásya)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खाना॑म् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुः॒खे (duḥkhé)	दुः॒खयोः॑ (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुः॒खेषु॑ (duḥkhéṣu)
vocative	दुःख॑ (dúḥkha)	दुःखे॑ (dúḥkhe)	दुःखा॑नि (dúḥkhāni) दुःखा॑¹ (dúḥkhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “दुःख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 483, column 2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “duḥkhá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 730
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “duḥkha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press