दुःख

See also: दूःख, देखो, दाख, देख, देखि, दुखी, and दुःखी

Hindi

Alternative forms

• दुख (dukh)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha). Cognate with Assamese দুখ (dukh), Bengali দু:খ (duḥkho), Odia ଦୁଃଖ (duḥkha), Marathi दुःख (duḥkha), Nepali दुःख (duḥkh), Gujarati દુઃખ (duḥkha), English dukkha.

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊkʰ/, /d̪ʊ(ɦ)kʰ/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkh) m (Urdu spelling دکھ)

1. sorrow, grief, sadness

   Synonyms: ग़म (ġam), उदासी (udāsī)

   अपना दुःख मित्र के साथ बाँटना चाहिए।

   apnā duḥkh mitra ke sāth bā̃ṭnā cāhie.

   You should share your sorrows with friends.

2. suffering, distress

   Synonym: कष्ट (kaṣṭ)

   Antonym: सुख (sukh)

   उसने जीवन में बहुत दुःख उठाया।

   usne jīvan mẽ bahut duḥkh uṭhāyā.

   He has endured much suffering in his life.

Declension

Declension of दुःख (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दुःख duḥkh	दुःख duḥkh
oblique	दुःख duḥkh	दुःखों duḥkhõ
vocative	दुःख duḥkh	दुःखो duḥkho

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “दुःख”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi दुःख (duḥkha), from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪u.ʰkʰə/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha) n

1. grief, sadness, unhappiness, sorrow

   दु:ख व्यक्त केल्याने मनावरील ओझे हलके होते।

   du:kha vyakta kelyāne manāvrīl ojhe halke hote.

   Expressing grief eases the burden on the mind.

Declension

Declension of दुःख (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	दुःख duḥkha
direct plural	दुःखे, दुःखं duḥkhae, duḥkha
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	दुःख duḥkha		दुःखे, दुःखं duḥkhae, duḥkha
oblique सामान्यरूप	दुःखा duḥkhaā		दुःखां- duḥkhaān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	दुःखाला duḥkhaālā		दुःखांना duḥkhaānnā
ergative	दुःखाने, दुःखानं duḥkhaāne, duḥkhaāna		दुःखांनी duḥkhaānnī
instrumental	दुःखाशी duḥkhaāśī		दुःखांशी duḥkhaānśī
locative सप्तमी	दुःखात duḥkhaāt		दुःखांत duḥkhaāt
vocative संबोधन	दुःखा duḥkhaā		दुःखांनो duḥkhaānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of दुःख (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	दुःखाचा duḥkhaāċā	दुःखाचे duḥkhaāċe	दुःखाची duḥkhaācī	दुःखाच्या duḥkhaācā	दुःखाचे, दुःखाचं duḥkhaāċe, duḥkhaāċa	दुःखाची duḥkhaācī	दुःखाच्या duḥkhaācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	दुःखांचा duḥkhaānċā	दुःखांचे duḥkhaānċe	दुःखांची duḥkhaāñcī	दुःखांच्या duḥkhaāncā	दुःखांचे, दुःखांचं duḥkhaānċe, duḥkhaānċa	दुःखांची duḥkhaāñcī	दुःखांच्या duḥkhaāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine, “दुःख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
• Tulpule, Shankar Gopal; Feldhaus, Anne, “दुःख”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999.

Nepali

Alternative forms

• दुख (dukha)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪uk̚kʰʌ], [d̪uk̞ʰʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दुक्ख, or दुखअ

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha)

1. sorrow, grief, sadness
2. suffering, distress

   Synonyms: वेदना (vedanā), कष्ट (kaṣṭa), क्लेश (kleś)

   Antonym: सुख (sukha)

3. trouble, hardship

   Synonym: तकलीफ (taklīph)

4. shortage, need

References

• “दुःख”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “दुःख”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• दुᳵख (duxkha)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দুঃখ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬸᬄᬔ (Balinese script)
• দুঃখ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰲𑰾𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔 (Brahmi script)
• ဒုးခ (Burmese script)
• દુઃખ (Gujarati script)
• ਦੁਃਖ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑍁𑌃𑌖 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦸꦃꦑ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂳𑂂𑂎 (Kaithi script)
• ದುಃಖ (Kannada script)
• ទុះខ (Khmer script)
• ທຸະຂ (Lao script)
• ദുഃഖ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᡠᢁᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠤᢁ᠋ᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧔𑧟𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐸𑑅𑐏 (Newa script)
• ଦୁଃଖ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢸꢁꢓ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆶𑆂𑆒 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖲𑖾𑖏 (Siddham script)
• දුඃඛ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩒𑪗𑩝 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚰𑚬𑚋 (Takri script)
• து³𑌃க² (Tamil script)
• దుఃఖ (Telugu script)
• ทุะข (Thai script)
• དུཿ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒳𑓁𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨃𑨹𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Probably reborrowed from a Prakrit form of earlier दुःस्थ (duḥstha, “poor”), from दुस्- (dus-) +‎ स्थ (stha).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /duh.kʰɐ́/, [dux.kʰɐ́]
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪uh.kʰɐ/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkhá) stem, n

1. sorrow, distress, suffering, grief, misery, uneasiness, pain

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of दुःख (duḥkhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दुःखम् duḥkhám	दुःखे duḥkhé	दुःखानि / दुःखा¹ duḥkhā́ni / duḥkhā́¹
Vocative	दुःख dúḥkha	दुःखे dúḥkhe	दुःखानि / दुःखा¹ dúḥkhāni / dúḥkhā¹
Accusative	दुःखम् duḥkhám	दुःखे duḥkhé	दुःखानि / दुःखा¹ duḥkhā́ni / duḥkhā́¹
Instrumental	दुःखेन duḥkhéna	दुःखाभ्याम् duḥkhā́bhyām	दुःखैः / दुःखेभिः¹ duḥkhaíḥ / duḥkhébhiḥ¹
Dative	दुःखाय duḥkhā́ya	दुःखाभ्याम् duḥkhā́bhyām	दुःखेभ्यः duḥkhébhyaḥ
Ablative	दुःखात् duḥkhā́t	दुःखाभ्याम् duḥkhā́bhyām	दुःखेभ्यः duḥkhébhyaḥ
Genitive	दुःखस्य duḥkhásya	दुःखयोः duḥkháyoḥ	दुःखानाम् duḥkhā́nām
Locative	दुःखे duḥkhé	दुःखयोः duḥkháyoḥ	दुःखेषु duḥkhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: দুখ (dukh)
• Punjabi: ਦੁੱਖ (dukkha)
• Romani: dukh
• → Bengali: দুঃখ (dukkho)
• → Bikol Central: dukha
• → Hindi: दुःख (duḥkh)
• → Kannada: ದುಃಖ (duḥkha)
• → Malayalam: ദുഃഖം (duḥkhaṁ)
• → Marathi: दुःख (duḥkha)
• → Nepali: दुःख (duḥkha)
• → Pali: dukkha
  • → Malay: duka
  • → Burmese: ဒုက္ခ (dukhka.)
  • → English: dukkha
  • → Thai: ทุกข์ (túk)
  • → Khmer: ទុក្ខ (tuk)
  • → Tagalog: dukhâ
• → Tagalog: dukha
• ⇒ Hindi: दुख (dukh)
• ⇒ Urdu: دکھ (dukh)
• → Tamil: துக்கம் (tukkam)
• → Telugu: దుఃఖము (duḥkhamu)

Adjective

दुःख • (duḥkhá)

1. painful, uncomfortable, uneasy, difficult