他化自在天

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Chinese[edit]

		he; him; other	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform	casually; without a care in the world; free casually; without a care in the world; free; unrestrained; comfortable; at ease	day; sky; heaven
trad. (他化自在天)		他	化	自在	天
simp. ^#(他化自在天)		他	化	自在	天

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他化自在天

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Sanskrit परनिर्मित वशवर्तिन् (paranirmita vaśavartin) + Chinese 天 (tiān, “heaven”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Tāhuàzìzàitiān

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄚㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄊㄧㄢ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Tāhuàzìzàitiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄚㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄊㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Tahuàzìhzàitian
  - Wade–Giles: Tʻa¹-hua⁴-tzŭ⁴-tsai⁴-tʻien¹
  - Yale: Tā-hwà-dz̀-dzài-tyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tahuahtzyhtzaytian
  - Palladius: Тахуацзыцзайтянь (Taxuaczyczajtjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰä⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: tha xwaeH dzijH dzojX|dzojH then

Rime
Character	他	化	自	在	在	天
Reading #	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	曉 (32)	從 (15)	從 (15)	從 (15)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)	麻 (99)	脂 (15)	咍 (41)	咍 (41)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II	III	I	I	IV
Fanqie	託何切	呼霸切	疾二切	昨宰切	昨代切	他前切
Baxter	tha	xwaeH	dzijH	dzojX	dzojH	then
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑ/	/hˠua^H/	/d͡ziɪ^H/	/d͡zʌi^X/	/d͡zʌi^H/	/tʰen/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑ/	/hʷᵚa^H/	/d͡zi^H/	/d͡zəi^X/	/d͡zəi^H/	/tʰen/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑ/	/xua^H/	/d͡zjɪ^H/	/d͡zɒi^X/	/d͡zɒi^H/	/tʰɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰa/	/hwaɨ^H/	/d͡zi^H/	/d͡zəj^X/	/d͡zəj^H/	/tʰɛn/
Li Rong	/tʰɑ/	/xua^H/	/d͡zi^H/	/d͡zᴀi^X/	/d͡zᴀi^H/	/tʰen/
Wang Li	/tʰɑ/	/xwa^H/	/d͡zi^H/	/d͡zɒi^X/	/d͡zɒi^H/	/tʰien/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰɑ/	/xwa^H/	/d͡zʱi^H/	/d͡zʱɑ̆i^X/	/d͡zʱɑ̆i^H/	/tʰien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuō	huà	zì	zài	zài	tiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	to¹	faa³	zi⁶	zoi⁶	zoi⁶	tin¹

Proper noun[edit]

他化自在天

(Buddhism) Paranirmitavaśavartin (highest and sixth of the six heavens in the Realm of Desire).
Synonyms: 他化天, 他化樂天／他化乐天, 第六天, 娑舍跋提天

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (他化自在天):

→ Japanese: 他(た)化(け)自(じ)在(ざい)天(てん) (takejizaiten)
→ Korean: 타화자재천(他化自在天) (tahwajajaecheon)

Further reading[edit]

Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “他化自在天” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

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