悩む
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
悩 |
なや Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
惱む (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.[1][2]
May be derived from 萎える (naeru, “to weaken; to wither; to bend; to become limp; to become listless”),[1] from the classical form 萎ゆ (nayu) in the irrealis verb stem naya- + suppositional suffix む (mu).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "悩む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
悩む | なやむ | [nàyáꜜmù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 悩め | なやめ | [nàyáꜜmè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 悩まれる | なやまれる | [nàyámáréꜜrù] |
Causative | 悩ませる | なやませる | [nàyámáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 悩める | なやめる | [nàyáméꜜrù] |
Volitional | 悩もう | なやもー | [nàyámóꜜò] |
Negative | 悩まない | なやまない | [nàyámáꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 悩まなかった | なやまなかった | [nàyámáꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 悩みます | なやみます | [nàyámímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 悩んだ | なやんだ | [nàyáꜜǹdà] |
Conjunctive | 悩んで | なやんで | [nàyáꜜǹdè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 悩めば | なやめば | [nàyáꜜmèbà] |
Verb
[edit]悩む • (nayamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 悩み (nayami), past 悩んだ (nayanda))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 悩ます, 悩める |
mediopassive | 悩む |
- [from early 1000s] (intransitive) (in reaction to something not going as expected) to worry, to be bothered, to be emotionally distressed, to dwell on, to be vexed
- [from 720] (intransitive) to suffer physically, to suffer physical distress; to fall ill, to get sick
- [from 720] (intransitive, auxiliary) (attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of another verb) to get stuck, to go sideways, to not go well
- 行悩む
- yukinayamu
- to be deadlocked, to be stuck, to make no progress
- 行悩む
- [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to make do, to manage to do
- Synonym: 工面する (kumen suru)
- [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to deal with a difficulty, to manage a challenge, to handle something
Usage notes
[edit]In modern Japanese, this verb is intransitive. In Classical Japanese, it appears in some texts as transitive.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "悩む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 悩ま | なやま | nayama |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 悩み | なやみ | nayami |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 悩まれる | なやまれる | nayamareru |
Causative | 悩ませる 悩ます |
なやませる なやます |
nayamaseru nayamasu |
Potential | 悩める | なやめる | nayameru |
Volitional | 悩もう | なやもう | nayamō |
Negative | 悩まない | なやまない | nayamanai |
Negative continuative | 悩まず | なやまず | nayamazu |
Formal | 悩みます | なやみます | nayamimasu |
Perfective | 悩んだ | なやんだ | nayanda |
Conjunctive | 悩んで | なやんで | nayande |
Hypothetical conditional | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 悩ま | なやま | nayama |
Continuative (連用形) | 悩み | なやみ | nayami |
Terminal (終止形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Attributive (連体形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Realis (已然形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Imperative (命令形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 悩まず | なやまず | nayamazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 悩めど | なやめど | nayamedo |
Causal conjunction | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Conditional conjunction | 悩まば | なやまば | nayamaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悩みき | なやみき | nayamiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悩みけり | なやみけり | nayamikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 悩みつ | なやみつ | nayamitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 悩みぬ | なやみぬ | nayaminu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 悩めり 悩みたり |
なやめり なやみたり |
nayameri nayamitari |
Volitional | 悩まむ | なやまむ | nayamamu |
Verb
[edit]悩む • (nayamu) transitive †nidan
Conjugation
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Continuative (連用形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Terminal (終止形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Attributive (連体形) | 悩むる | なやむる | nayamuru |
Realis (已然形) | 悩むれ | なやむれ | nayamure |
Imperative (命令形) | 悩めよ | なやめよ | nayameyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 悩めず | なやめず | nayamezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 悩むれど | なやむれど | nayamuredo |
Causal conjunction | 悩むれば | なやむれば | nayamureba |
Conditional conjunction | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悩めき | なやめき | nayameki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悩めけり | なやめけり | nayamekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 悩めつ | なやめつ | nayametu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 悩めぬ | なやめぬ | nayamenu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 悩めたり | なやめたり | nayametari |
Volitional | 悩めむ | なやめむ | nayamemu |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 悩 read as なや
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese auxiliary verbs
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms with archaic senses
- Japanese shimo nidan verbs